Patho Final

SA node

what is the pacemaker of the heart

AV node

which part of the heart communicates from the atria to the ventricles

P wave

which part of the ECG shows atrial depolarization

PR interval

which part of the ECG shows atrial contraction

QRS complex

which part of the ECG shows ventricular depolarization

ST segment

which part of the ECG shows ventricular contraction

T wave

which part of the ECG shows ventricular repolarization

QRS Complex

which part of the ECG occurs when the atrial are repolarizing

Increased HR, BP, contractility, vasoconstriction

what are the four effects of the SNS

decreased HR/BP, Peristalsis

what are the three effects of the PNS

vagus

what is the nerve the is stimulated by the PNS

Systole

what is ventricular depolarization called?

Diastole

what is ventricular repolarization

Cardiac Output

what is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

Stroke Volume

what is the amount of blood ejected from the Left ventricle with each contraction

Preload, Afterload, Force of Contraction

what are the three things that the stroke volume is determined by?

Preload

what is the amount of fluid that is pre-put into the chamber before it is contracted

End-diastolic Volume

what is the total amount of blood that makes it into the chamber during preload

Afterload

what is the resistance to which the heart is overcoming in order to push the blood throughout the body

greater than the valves

the pressure created in the ventricles must be greater than what in order to push blood out of the heart

workload

increased afterload creates increased what on the heart during contraction

HTN, Valvular stenosis, increased Viscosity

what are the three causes of afterload

ventricular hypertrophy

increased afterload for a long period time can cause what?

Force of Contraction

what is described as how hard the heart is able to squeeze

Vasodilation vs Vasoconstriction, Fluid viscosity & volume, BV lenght

what are the three things that SVR is determined by

increased afterload

increased SVR causes what other disorder

as ventricles begin to contract

when do the AV valves close?

S1

when the AV valves close, what is that sequence?

as ventricles relax

when do the SL valves close

S2

when the SL valves close, what is that sequence called?

Stenosis

what is a problem when the valve opens called?

Atrial Valve stenosis

what disorder is described as impaired blood flow from LA to LV, LT atrial hypertrophy w/ decreased ventricular filling

Pulmonary HTN

what does atrial valve stenosis lead to?

Decreased CO, increased LT ventricle pressure

what are the two things that are changed with aortic stenosis

congenital defects, age-related calcifications, rheumatic heart disease

what are the three causes of Aortic stenosis

Angina, CNS syncope

what are the two S&S of aortic stenosis

Regurgitation

what is the type of valvular disorder that occurs when the valve closes?

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

what is the disorder called where the LT atrium enlarges and the LT ventricle hypertrophies to maintain CO

Aortic Regurgitation

what is it called when there is weakened forward pressure in the aorta leading to increased volume in the left ventricle

pulmonary edema

what does left HF lead to?

Rheumatic Heart Disease

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever with the inflammation

joints, skin, CNS, heart

what are the four things that are affected by rheumatic heart Disease

Aschoff bodies

what are deposits of fibrin & leukocytes called

prophylactic antibiotics

what is the medicine needed for the treatment of Aschoff bodies

Peripheral Vascular Diseaase

what is the disorder where there is a thickening and decreased elasticity of the blood vessels

Atherosclerosis, Aortic Aneurysms

what are the two Arterial PVD's

DM

atherosclerosis is a common problem with patients that have other disorders

intermittent claudication, diminished DP/PT pulses, Color changes, bruits

what are the four S&S of Atherosclerosis

Aortic Aneurysms

what is the dilation of the wall of the artery that is then filled with debris & clots

atherosclerotic

most of the aortic aneurysms are what type?

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

what is the type of aortic aneurysm that is characterized by an abdominal mass with no S&S's until the rupture occurs

CVA

for patients with a dissecting aortic aneurysm what are they at risk for?

Thrombophlebitis

what is the inflammation of the vein with a clot

increased Temp/HR, DVT,

what are the two S&S's of thrombophlebitis

PE

what is the biggest risk for a patient with a venous PVD

Trauma to wall of vein, slow blood flow, hypercoagulability

what are the three things that make up Virchow's Triad

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

what is it called when the veins lose elasticity, valves don't work, venous stasis, or increased hydrostatic pressure

Shiny brawny edema, stasis ulcers, pulses present, varicose veins

what are the four S&S's of Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Circumflex, LAD

what are the two left coronary arteries

85%

the LCA supplies how much of the heart

plaque breaks off, bleeding w/ thrombi form

what are the two things that occur for a patient with sudden coronary artery disease

gradual plaque accumulation

what is the thing that occurs for a patient with slow coronary artery disease

75%

S&S's occur when the BV becomes 75% occluded

Angina Pectoris

what is the disorder where there is a lack of O2 to the heart muscle

intense pain relieved by rest or NTG

what is the key sign of Angina Pectoris

Angina Pectoris

what is the warning sign of MI risk

Myocardial Infarction

what is the death of the heart muscle d/t lack of O2

Heart failure

what is it called when there is no blood flow getting to the heart and the heart muscle fails

decreased CO, tissue perfusion

what are the two things that are decreased in a patient with Heart Failure

Cardiogenic Shock or death

what are the two things that Heart failure can lead to

Ventilation, Perfusion

what are the two things that alveolar gas exchange requires

shunting

impaired ventilation can cause what

alveolar dead space

impaired perfusion can cause what

central chemoreceptors

what respond to levels of CO2 in the blood by adjusting rate and depth of respiration?

Peripheral chemoreceptors

what respond to decreased O2

Compliance

what is described as how easily lungs can expand

Elastance

what is how easily lungs snap back to original size

Resistance

what is an opposition to air flow?

negative pressure

what kind of pressure is required in the lungs for air to flow in?

Restrictive lung disease

what disorder decrease the max volume that the lungs can hold?

Atelactasis

what is a collapse of the alveoli called

Diminished breath sounds

what is the S&S for atelactasis

pneumonia

atelactasis increases the risk of what disease

incentive spirometer, CPAP, High flow NC

what are the three treatments for atelactasis

Pneumonia

what is an infection of the lung alveoli called

WBC, sputum culture, CXR, ABG's

what are the four Dx's for pneumonia

Aspiration

what is the the type of pneumonia that can occur d/t inhaled food, gastric contents

decreased LOC, decreased gag reflex, NG feedings, GERD, Infants

what are the five risk factors for Aspiration Pneumonia

Dyspnea, bronchospasms, cyanosis, possible wheezing

what are the S&S's for pneumonia

poverty, HIV, malnutrition, poor medical care, poor hygiene, crowded conditions

what are the six risk factors for tuberculosis

hemoptysis, weight loss, night sweats

what is the classic triad for active TB

CXR, sputum culture

what are the two ways to diagnose active TB

Pleural effusion

what disorder is described as increased fluid in the pleural cavity?

HF, atelactasis, pneumonia

what are the three things that pleural effusion is d/t

Chest tube

what is the treatment for pleural effusion

Pneumothorax

what is it called when air enters the pleural space causing breathing problems

Cyanosis, decreased tactile fremitus, hyperresonance

what are the three S&S's of pneumothorax

Open

which type of pneumothorax is described as air from outside or "sucking chest wound"

Closed

Which type of pneumothorax is described as air from inside the lung

traumatic, spontaneous

what are the two types of closed pneumothorax's