drug name for antibiotics

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams

classification of penicillins

natural, extended release, broad spectrum and beta lactamases resistance

MOA of penicillins, adverse effects and its purpose

target peptidoglycan layer of bacteria, mostly gram +, treats group A streptococcus (strep throat),
group B streptococcus, tooth infections, drug allergy (3 sages),hives, rash, serum sickness, nephritis, hemolytic anemia

natural penicillins examples

penicillin G: given parentally

penicillin V: given orally

broad spectrum

covers gram negative as well

amoxicillin (oral) + clauvanic acid (b-lactamase inhibitor)

ampicillin (oral and iv)

ß-lactamases resistant penicillins:

cloxacillin, methicillin

Extended spectrum penicillins

piperacillin + tazobactam
(ß-lactamase inhibitor)

cephalosporins

1-3 generations: cover gram negative more

4-5: add coverage to the more resistant bacterias like MRSA

1st generation

cefazolin, cephalexin (orally)

2nd generation

cefprozil, cefuroxime

3rd generation

ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefixime

4th generation

cefepime

5th generation

ceftobiprole

adverse effects of cephalosporins

hypersensitivity reactions
• nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
• disulfiram-like effect: headaches, flushing, nausea
associated with alcohol consumption

carbapenems

meropenem, CRE resistance to production of carbapenemase

monobactamas

aztreonam, acts on gram -

bacitracin

used topically

vancomycin usage and adverse effects

used to treat resistant, difficult micro-organisms MRSA and c.dif, given iv and orally (c.dif), infusion-related flushing, rash, hypotension if
administered too quickly, nephrotoxicity

inhibtors of 50S protein subunit

macrolides, chloramphenicol

macrolides example

clarithromycin, azithromycin

macrolides, usage and adverse effects

gram +, subsitute for penicillin, used for respiratory infecions, chlamydia, gonorrhea

adverse effects: nausea, vomiting diarrhea

Other antimicrobials that share the same
mechanism of action as macrolides

clindamycin (used for soft tissue infections (cellulitis, bites) ,linezolid (use limited to infections that are otherwise difficult to treat such as VRE and MRSA)

chloramphenicol

broad spectrum, used for rickettsial diseases, meningitis, typhoid fever, cholera, adverse effect: bone marrow suppression, newborns can eliminate which leads to gray baby syndrome

Inhibitors of the 30S ribosomal subunit

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines

aminoglycosides example

gentamicin, tobramycin (iv)

adverse:
nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

Tetracyclines examples

tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline

tetracyclines (usage,adverse effects)

broad spectrum, tetracycline (acne; H.pylori) doxycycline (Chlamydia), when used with diary, iron,antacids it decreases absorption, risk of superinfections
avoid during pregnancy, photosensivity

other protein synthesis inhibitors

fusidic acid mupirocin (topical ointements)

DNA synthesis inhibitors example

ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin

metronidazole

nitrofurantoin

ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin

used to treat anthrax, pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections

avoid during pregnancy, nausea, tendinopathies

metronidazole

dna synthesis inhbitor

gram negative – anaerobic bacteria, intra-abdominal infections,
trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis and aquatic protozoa

adverse effects: metallic taste, nausea, dizziness, disulfiram effect

nitrofurantoin

dna synthesis inhibitors treats uti

RNA Synthesis Inhibitors

fidaxomicin: c dif

rifampin

disruption of plasma membrane

polymyxins, act like detergents to disrupt, gram - bacteria , nephrotoxicity

drugs used for TB

rifampin(discoloration of body fluids, epigastric pain, flu-like syndrome

isoniazid (peripheral neuropathy to prevent give vitamin B6)

ethambutol: optic neuritis

Antifungal drugs

Polyenes and ergosterol synthesis inhibitors

Polyenes

amphotericin B* (iv), nystatin (topical)

adverse effects*:
• nephrotoxicity
• anemia
• infusion-related reaction (fever, chills)
• phlebitis

Ergosterol synthesis inhibitors

Azoles
• examples: clotrimazole, miconazole (topical) fluconazole (po)

Allylamines
• example: terbinafine