Wake Turbulence

Wake Turbulence is a disturbance in the atmopshere that forms ____ an aircraft as it passes through the air

behind

Wake turbulence is especially hazardous during _____ and ______

takeoff, landing

How many main causes of wake turbulence are there

5

The five main causes of wake turbulence are:

wing-tip vortices, rotor-tip vortices, jet engine thrust stream, rotor downwash, prop wash

Wing tip vortices is wake turbulence created as air flows _____ from the body of the aircraft to the wing tip

outward

when air reaches the wing tip, the _____ pressure underneath rotates upwards towards the _____ pressure

high, low

the strength of a wing-tip vortex is governed by the ______ of the wings and the _____ and ______ of the aircraft

shape, weight, speed

Wing-tip vortices show little dissipation within the first _____ minutes of being produced

2

wing-tip vortices rotate ______ from the left hand wing and ______ on the right hand wing

clockwise, counter clockwise

_____vortices are similar to wing-tip voritces but created by rotor blades of a helicopter

Rotor Tip

Problems created by rotor-tip vortices are generally _____ than those caused by fixed wing aircraft of a similar weight category

great

Problems created by rotor tip vortices are generally greater for all of the following except:

• due to helicopters lower operating speeds that produce higher intensity wakes than fixed-wing aircraft

• size of the aircraft has little bearing on the intensity of the vortext

• lower altitude of the aircraft compared to fixed-wing aircraft

lower altitude of the aircraft compared to fixed-wing aircraft

Departing or landing helicopters produce high velocity vortices similiar to wing-tip vortices

true

_____ is the area of turbulence created behind an aircraft’s jet engines

jet engine thrust stream

Jet engine thrust stream can also be referred to as

jet wash or jet blast

jet engine thrust stream needs to be accounted for when _____ follow a jet in any capacity

aircraft or vehicles

Jet engine thrust stream is greatest when power is increased to move the aircraft forward ______

from a stopped position

Rotor Downwash is turbulence created by helicopters ______ or in a ______ flight

hovering, forward

The strength or rotor downwash turbulence depends on which 4 factors

weight of the helicopter, forward speed, air density, rotor length

rotor downwash is greatest in hovering flight because _____ is practically zero

airspeed

____ is turbulence created by any propeller driven aircraft

Prop wash

Prop wash is based on the same principle as jet engine thrust stream but the effect is ______

less

Wing-tip vortices can effect fixed-wing aircraft via _____ and ______

induced roll, ground effect

With induced roll, aircraft flying directly into the core of a vortext will tend to roll _____ the vortext

with

the _____ the aircraft that follows into the vortext in relation to the preceding aircraft that created it, the ______ pronounced the effect and the _____ likely the following aircraft is to correct the uncommanded induced roll action

smaller, more, less

When the wingspan and ailerons of a larger aircraft extend _____ the vortex, counter-roll control is usually effective and the effect of the induced roll can be minimized

beyond

wing-tip vortices generated behind departing/arriving aircraft, or aircraft that descent to less than 100ft above the runway are subject to _____

ground effect

In a no wind situation, vortices that contact the ground tend to move _______ outward, at a speed of about ____ knots

laterally, 5

a crosswind moves wing-tip vortices sideways with the direction of the wind

True

Wind has no impact on the speed/movement of the vortices

False

A ______ or _______ can also change where the vortices begin or end in relation to the runway

tailwind, headwind

In calm or light wind conditions, wing-tip vortices do NOT do unexpected things

False

Both Pilots and ATS personnel have responsibilities when it comes to wake turbulence

True

best way to avoid wake turbulence event is to ______

avoid flying through the area where vortices exist

Following the depature of an aircraft of heavier weight category, pilots can prepare to become airborne ______ of the preceeeding aircraft, and _______ the departure path of the preceding aircraft

prior to the point of rotation, keep above

If necessary, a pilot can ______ to avoid the departure path of a preceding aircraft

request a turn

A pilot is taking off following the landing of an aircraft of heavier weight category. The pilot should prepare to become airborne ______ of the landing aircraft

after the point of touchdown

When landing behind a departing aircraft, pilots should plan to touchdown ______ the rotation point of the departing aircraft

prior to reaching

A pilot is approaching an airport to land. There is an aircraft of heavier weight landing on the same runway before them. The pilot should plan to _____ the preceding aircraft’s final approach path, and land _____ the point of touchdown of the preceding aircraft

stay at or above, beyond

When a preceding aircraft is landing on a parallel runway located within _____ ft, pilots should plan a similar approach

2500

Enroute VFR flights should avoid flying ______ and _____ aircraft of heavier weight category

below, behind

Responsibility for IFR wake turbulence separation lies with the _______

IFR Controller

ATS have ____ basic requirements when it comes to wake turbulence

4

The____ basic responsibilities of ATS personnel when it comes to wake turbulence are:

4: watch for wind conditions, provide information, apply separation standards, be aware of changing flight paths

How many weight categories of aircraft are there

4

The four weight categories of aircraft are

light, medium, heavy, super

Light aircraft are certified for a maximum take-off weight of ______ kg

7000kg

Medium aircraft are certified for a maximum take-off weight of ______ kg

more than 7000kg but less than 136,000kg

Heavy aircraft are certified for a maximum take-off weight of ______kg

136,000kg or more

What aircraft is certified for a maximum take-off weight of 136,000kg or more

Heavy and Super