18. Communication

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Last updated 4:00 AM on 4/8/26
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10 Terms

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What produced complex songs?

sexual selection

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Syrinx

structure that produces song

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Syrinx in sub-oscine passerines

have a tracheal syrinx with few muscles – includes flycatchers, antbirds, woodcreepers

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Syrinx in more recently evolved Oscine passerines

(crows, warblers, thrushes, sparrows) have the syrinx at the junction of the trachea and bronchi (B)

• Oscines can produce sound on both sides, and have a complex set of muscles controlling the syrinx

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Sequence lateralization in Cardinals

  • sing frequencies below about 3.5 kHz with left side of their syrinx and higher frequencies with right side

  • Birds make this switch with such precise coordination that it is not detectable.

  • phonation switches from the right to left side of the syrinx during the downsweep

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Cowbird sequence lateralization

• very rapid 2 or 3 note clusters

• By alternating sides, can adjust silent side of the syrinx to get ready to start that side’s next note without a frequency slur between notes

• A final high-pitched whistle is always sung on the right side

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Non-oscine brain wiring

  • DM (dorsomedial nucleus) controls the syrinx and respiratory system with respect to song

  • In the forebrain Field L, for auditory input, is not wired to song production (the DM) and there is no song learning

<ul><li><p>DM (dorsomedial nucleus) controls the syrinx and respiratory system with respect to song</p></li><li><p>In the forebrain Field L, for auditory input, is not wired to song production (the DM) and there is no song learning</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Oscine brain wiring

  • Two critical pathways: song production and song learning

  • HVC (high vocal center) is central to both pathways

  • HVC to RA (robust nucleus of arcopallium) to DM wiring triggers song production

  • Field L (auditory input), is wired to HVC so birds can adjust their song production according to what they hear (song learning)

<ul><li><p>Two critical pathways: song production and song learning</p></li><li><p>HVC (high vocal center) is central to both pathways</p></li><li><p>HVC to RA (robust nucleus of arcopallium) to DM wiring triggers song production</p></li><li><p>Field L (auditory input), is wired to HVC so birds can adjust their song production according to what they hear (song learning)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Crystallization

• Young songbirds learn songs by first listening to adult “models”

• They practice singing (listening to themselves, and comparing that sound to the model stored in their head)

• in some species adults cannot continue to learn songs after crystallization

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Savannah Sparrow experiment

  • put speakers in wild that simulated vocal tutors, young savannah sparrows heard and learned these, then taught them to offspring

  • birds more likely to learn when songs were played in summer AND spring rather than just summer or just spring