CFR 4 Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts related to blood cells, blood coagulation, and haemophilia from the lecture.

What are the three main types of blood cells in the circulatory system?

Leukocytes (white blood cells), Erythrocytes (red blood cells), Thrombocytes (platelets)

What is the process of haemopoiesis?

The generation of blood cells from pluripotent stem cells.

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

To transport oxygen (O2) to body tissues and carbon dioxide (CO2) away from tissues.

What is the typical size of a red blood cell?

8.5 micrometers in diameter.

What produces erythrocytes in the body?

Red bone marrow.

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?

Up to 120 days in the bloodstream.

How are platelets formed?

By budding from giant cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow.

What are the two pathways of blood clotting?

Intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway.

What initiates the extrinsic pathway of clotting?

Trauma or damage to tissues outside the blood vessels.

What is the role of thrombin in blood clotting?

To convert fibrinogen into fibrin threads that form the clot.

What is haematopoiesis?

The process of blood cell formation.

Which cells are responsible for cellular immunity?

T-Lymphocytes.

Which cells are responsible for humoral immunity?

B-Lymphocytes.

What is the primary function of monocytes?

To phagocytose invading organisms.

What is the most common type of leukocyte?

Neutrophils.

What distinguishes eosinophils from other leukocytes?

They are weakly phagocytic and increase during parasitic infections.

Which leukocyte has an unclear function but contains histamine and heparin?

Basophils.

What is the average number of leukocytes in human blood?

About 7,000 per milliliter.

What do you call the blood cell that is anucleate and part of the clotting process?

Thrombocyte.

What is the term for blood cell formation before birth?

Haemopoiesis.

What is the role of fibrin in the clotting process?

To form a matrix that creates a haemostatic plug or blood clot.

What would indicate the presence of haemophilia?

Abnormal bleeding and reduced levels of certain clotting factors.

What is the most common type of hemophilia?

Hemophilia A.

What clotting factor is deficient in Hemophilia B?

Clotting factor IX.

How long is the life span of platelets in the bloodstream?

About 8 days.

What is the main role of red bone marrow in adults?

To produce blood cells and platelets.

What triggers the release of erythropoietin (EPO)?

Hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the blood).

What are agranulocytes?

A category of leukocytes that includes lymphocytes and monocytes.

What are the main components of plasma?

Water, salts, proteins, hormones, gases, glucose, and waste.

What type of leukocyte is a macrophage derived from?

Monocytes.

How does fibrin clot formation occur after tissue damage?

Damaged cells and platelets release substances that activate clotting factors.

What is the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in clotting?

They are essential for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

What term describes the total number of platelets in the blood?

Thrombocyte count.

What cell type is responsible for the body's defense?

Leukocytes.

Which hormone regulates the production of erythrocytes?

Erythropoietin (EPO).

What are lymphoid progenitor cells?

Stem cells that give rise to lymphocytes.

What is unique about the shape of erythrocytes?

They have a biconcave shape, which increases the surface area for gas exchange.

What happens when free calcium ions are removed from the blood?

Clotting is inhibited, which is useful for blood storage.

What is the dimension range for neutrophils?

10 to 14 micrometers.

What indicates an increase in eosinophils?

A parasitic infection.

What condition results from deficiencies in clotting factors?

Haemophilia.

What is the purpose of blood clotting?

To control bleeding (haemostasis).

Which organ is primarily responsible for the removal of aged erythrocytes?

The spleen.

Which leukocyte is characterized by a lobed nucleus?

Neutrophils.

What percentage of the leukocyte population do lymphocytes make up?

About 30%.

What is the relationship between granulocytes and leukocytes?

Granulocytes are a subset of leukocytes that include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.