Genetics and Mendelian Laws: Phenotype, Genotype, and Inheritance Patterns

What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype TT?

Tall plant

What does the genotype Tt represent?

Heterozygous for tall trait

What is the genotype for a short plant?

tt (homozygous recessive)

What does the Law of Segregation state?

Each organism has two alleles for each trait, which segregate during gamete formation.

What is a Punnett Square used for?

To predict the genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

What is the expected offspring ratio from a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous parents?

3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes.

What is the definition of a wildtype phenotype?

The most common version of a trait in a population.

What is a mutant phenotype?

A phenotype that differs from the wildtype.

What is Mendel's second law?

The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits segregate independently.

What is a test cross?

A cross between an individual showing a dominant trait and a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype.

What does a 1:2:1 ratio in offspring indicate?

The presence of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes.

What is the significance of the chi-square test in genetics?

It tests the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between observed and expected offspring ratios.

What does it mean if a trait skips generations in a pedigree analysis?

It suggests that the trait is likely recessive.

What is the difference between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive traits?

Dominant traits do not skip generations and require only one copy to be expressed, while recessive traits can skip generations and require two copies.

What is the expected ratio of phenotypes in a dihybrid cross?

9:3:3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits.

What is the role of alleles in genetics?

Alleles are different versions of the same gene that determine specific traits.

What does homozygous mean?

Having two identical alleles for a specific gene.

What does heterozygous mean?

Having two different alleles for a specific gene.

What is the expected outcome of a test cross if the dominant parent is homozygous?

All offspring will show the dominant trait.

What does it indicate if some offspring are tall and some are short in a test cross?

The tall parent is heterozygous.

What is meant by the term locus in genetics?

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross?

3 tall plants to 1 short plant.

What is the significance of true breeding plants in Mendelian genetics?

They consistently produce offspring with the same trait as the parent.

What is the expected ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in the gametes of a heterozygous parent?

1:1 ratio of dominant to recessive alleles.

What is the impact of plant hormones on phenotype?

They can affect growth and appearance, influencing traits.

What does the term 'autosomal' refer to in genetics?

Traits located on chromosomes 1-22, not involving sex chromosomes.

What is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder?

Cystic Fibrosis.

What is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder?

Huntington's disease.

What does the term 'expected ratio' mean in genetic predictions?

The predicted ratio of phenotypes based on Mendelian inheritance.