Integrated Science revision

What is Integrated Science?

A holistic approach combining Biology, Chemistry, and Physics.

How is the scientific study of living organisms defined?

Biology.

Which branch of science focuses on the composition and changes of matter?

Chemistry.

What is the scientific study of energy and fundamental forces?

Physics.

What protective gear is mandatory before entering a laboratory?

Lab coats, goggles, and closed‑toe shoes.

Why is eating or drinking strictly prohibited in the laboratory?

Chemicals can be toxic or contaminated.

What is the correct technique for smelling chemicals?

Wafting.

What is the golden rule for diluting concentrated acids?

Always add acid to water slowly while stirring.

Why must long hair be tied back during experiments?

To prevent it from catching fire or dipping into solutions.

Where should a test tube be pointed when heating liquids?

Away from yourself and others.

Which hazard symbol represents substances that burst when struck?

Explosive (Blast Hazard).

What does the Flammable hazard symbol represent?

Materials that catch fire easily near naked flames.

What do Oxidising agents provide to make fires burn intensely?

Oxygen.

Which symbol depicts chemicals that destroy skin tissue and metals?

Corrosive.

What hazard symbol is used for chemicals that can cause death?

Toxic (Acute Toxicity).

Which symbol represents chemicals that cause itching or redness?

Harmful / Irritant.

What is the Environmental Hazard symbol used for?

Chemicals that poison aquatic life and ecosystems.

Which hazard symbol represents viruses or bacteria?

Biohazard.

What does a Carcinogenic symbol represent?

Substances that cause cancer or long‑term organ damage.

Which career path involves managing wildlife preserves?

Marine Biologist or Wildlife Officer.

What is the primary role of a Chemical Engineer?

Designing processes to manufacture chemicals and materials.

Which professional applies physics to design high‑speed trains?

Mechanical or Civil Engineer.

What skill involves using the five senses to describe features?

Observation.

What is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge?

Inference.

What is an educated guess about a future event called?

Prediction.

Why is Pyrex glass used for most laboratory apparatus?

It has high thermal resistance and chemical inertness.

What is the advantage of the conical flask’s slanted walls?

They minimize liquid splashing during swirling.

Why is a round‑bottomed flask preferred for vacuum distillation?

Its spherical shape withstands high pressure and heat.

What apparatus is used for quick, approximate volume measurements?

Measuring Cylinder.

Which tool delivers a single, highly accurate fixed volume?

Pipette.

What apparatus provides drop‑by‑drop control during titration?

Burette.

Which flask is used for making standard solutions?

Volumetric Flask.

What is the maximum temperature tolerance of a porcelain crucible?

Approximately 1000°C.

Why is an evaporating dish shallow and wide?

To maximize the rate of liquid vaporization.

How is an acid defined in terms of ions?

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water.

What is an alkali?

A base that dissolves in water to release (OH−) ions.

What color does litmus paper turn in acidic solutions?

Red.

What color is phenolphthalein in an alkaline medium?

Bright pink.

What does a pH of 1 to 3 indicate?

A strongly acidic solution.

What is a common industrial use of HCl?

Pickling steel to remove rust.

Which base is the active ingredient in drain cleaners?

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH).

On what principle does filtration operate?

Differences in particle size.

On what principle does simple distillation operate?

Large differences in boiling points.

What principle drives the separation in chromatography?

Relative solubility and adsorption.

How is geothermal energy generated?

Tapping volcanic steam to turn turbine blades.

Which component converts sunlight directly into electricity?

Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels.

What is a key characteristic of current in a series circuit?

Current is exactly the same at all points (ITotal = I1 = I2).

What is the voltage characteristic of a parallel circuit?

The voltage across each branch equals the source voltage.

What is the Fundamental Law of Magnetism?

Like poles repel and opposite poles attract.

What organs filter blood to produce urine?

Kidneys.

What is the function of the Renal Artery?

Carries oxygenated, waste‑laden blood to kidneys.

How do Ureters transport urine to the bladder?

Via peristaltic contractions.

What is the role of the Liver in nitrogenous waste?

Performs deamination of excess amino acids.

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Across the membranes of the Alveoli.

What is the purpose of the Pleura?

To protect the lungs against friction.

Define the function of the Epidermis.

Outermost protective layer of skin.

What occurs in the Malpighian Layer of the skin?

Active mitosis and melanin production.

What does the Sebaceous Gland secrete?

An oily substance called sebum.

What are Renal Calculi commonly known as?

Kidney Stones.

Identify the cause of Tuberculosis (TB).

The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

What triggers Acne in the skin?

Clogged hair follicles and bacterial infection.

How can Kidney Stones be prevented?

Drink at least 8 glasses of clean water daily.

What is the role of the Scrotum?

To maintain a lower temperature for sperm.

Where are immature sperm cells matured?

In the Epididymis.

Where does human fertilization normally occur?

In the Oviduct (Fallopian Tube).

Function of the Follicle‑Stimulating Hormone?

Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles.

What triggers Ovulation on Day 14 of the cycle?

A sudden surge in Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

What causes the Menstrual Phase to begin?

A sharp drop in progesterone levels.

What is the Atomic Number of Hydrogen?

1

Why is Helium (He) considered an inert gas?

It has a valency of 0.

What is the electronic configuration of Sodium?

2

What ion is formed by Oxygen (O)?

Oxide ion, O2−.

What color is hydrated Copper(II) sulfate?

Bright blue.

How is water chemically tested in a lab?

Using anhydrous Cobalt(II) chloride.

What particles are found in an atomic nucleus?

Protons and Neutrons.

What is the mass of an Electron relative to a proton?

1/1840

Define a temporary physical change.

A reversible change creating no new substance.

What happens when Ammonium chloride is heated?

It undergoes a temporary chemical change.

Is burning Magnesium a physical or chemical change?

Permanent Chemical Change.

What are the three components of the Fire Triangle?

Fuel, Oxygen, and Heat.

Which fire class involves flammable liquids?

Class B.

How does a CO2 fire extinguisher work?

It removes Oxygen by smothering the flame.

Which energy source uses falling river water?

Hydroelectric Generators.

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Define Ferromagnetic materials.

Materials strongly attracted by magnets.

What is Thermal Energy?

Internal kinetic energy of atoms and molecules.

Define Chemical Potential Energy?

Energy stored within chemical bonds.

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

Provides structural support and protection.

Why is the Mitochondrion called the powerhouse?

It is the site of aerobic respiration.

What is the role of Chloroplasts?

To carry out photosynthesis.

What is the function of Ribosomes?

Sites for protein synthesis.

What do Lysosomes contain?

Strong hydrolytic digestive enzymes.

Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model.

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

What is the function of Cholesterol in membranes?

Regulates membrane fluidity.

What is the Glycocalyx?

Carbohydrate chains on the cell exterior.

Which organelle sorts and packages proteins?

Golgi Complex.

What is the purpose of the Erector Pili muscle?

Pulls hair upright when the body is cold.

Which element has the configuration 2

8

What is a characteristic of a Class D fire?

Involves combustible reactive metals.