EXAM 1 JOHN REIDY (SUMMER 8 WEEK)

Anatomy

The scientific study of animal form involving accurate, precise descriptions and dissection of humans.

Hippocrates

The 'Father of Western Medicine' who produced the Hippocratic Corpus.

Herophilus

The 'Father of Human Anatomy' known for dissecting (possibly vivisecting) humans.

Galen

The 'Prince of Physicians' who produced the Galenic Corpus, authoritative for 1,000 years.

Anatomical Terminology

Provides standardized, cross-cultural terms to ensure clarity and reduce medical errors.

Anatomical Position

Erect posture, eyes forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet flat and parallel.

Cranial and Caudal Directions

Cranial is toward the head; caudal is toward the tail.

Dorsal and Ventral Directions

Dorsal is toward the back; ventral is toward the belly.

Proximal and Distal

Proximal is closer to the origin; distal is farther from the origin.

Supine and Prone Positions

Supine: lying on the back; Prone: lying on the belly.

Anatomical Levels of Organization

Cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism-each with increasing complexity.

Dorsal Cavities

Cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord).

Ventral Cavities

Thoracic (heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic (digestive and urinary organs).

Serous Membranes

Parietal lines cavity walls; visceral surrounds organs. Includes pericardium, pleura, peritoneum.

Comparative Anatomy

Studies similarities and differences in anatomy across species.

Developmental Anatomy

Studies how immature structures form into mature structures over time.

Systemic Anatomy

Describes the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular system.

Regional Anatomy

Describes the body by specific regions like thorax, abdomen, or limbs.

Surface Anatomy

Relates external features to internal structures for physical examination.

Radiologic Anatomy

Uses imaging techniques like X-rays, CT, MRI, and ultrasound to study internal anatomy.

Bipeds

two-legged

quadrupeds

four footed animals

lateral

away from the midline

medial

toward the midline

What does 'anterior' mean in anatomy?

In front of, toward the front surface (e.g., the stomach is anterior to the spinal cord).

What does 'posterior' mean in anatomy?

In back of, toward the back surface (e.g., the heart is posterior to the sternum).

What does 'dorsal' refer to?

At the back side of the human body (e.g., the spinal cord is on the dorsal side).

What does 'ventral' refer to?

At the belly side of the human body (e.g., the umbilicus is on the ventral side).

What does 'superior' mean?

Closer to the head (e.g., the chest is superior to the pelvis).

What does 'inferior' mean?

Closer to the feet (e.g., the stomach is inferior to the heart).

Define 'caudal.'

At the rear or tail end (e.g., the abdomen is caudal to the head).

Define 'cranial.'

At the head end (e.g., the head is cranial to the trunk).

Define 'rostral.'

Toward the nose (e.g., the frontal lobe is rostral to the occipital lobe).

What does 'medial' mean?

Toward the midline of the body (e.g., the lungs are medial to the shoulders).

What does 'lateral' mean?

Away from the midline of the body (e.g., the arms are lateral to the heart).

What does 'ipsilateral' mean?

On the same side (e.g., the right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg).

What does 'contralateral' mean?

On the opposite side (e.g., the right arm is contralateral to the left leg).

Define 'deep (internal).'

On the inside, underneath another structure (e.g., muscles are deep to the skin).

Define 'superficial (external).'

On the outside (e.g., the external edge of the kidney is superficial to its internal structure).

What does 'proximal' mean?

Closest to point of attachment to trunk (e.g., the elbow is proximal to the hand).

What does 'distal' mean?

Furthest from point of attachment to trunk (e.g., the wrist is distal to the elbow).

What is the chemical level?

Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules combine to form macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids).

What is an example of the chemical level?

Hemoglobin, a protein made from atoms and molecules.

What is the cellular level?

Cells and their surroundings are made up of molecules. For example, a phospholipid molecule is a structural component of the plasma membrane.

What is the tissue level?

Tissues consist of similar types of cells and associated extracellular material. Example: epithelial tissue lining blood vessels.

What is the organ level?

An organ is a discrete structure made up of multiple tissue types. Examples include blood vessels, brain, liver, and heart.

What is the organ system level?

An organ system is a group of organs that perform a specific function. Example: cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels.

What is the organismal level?

The whole person is the most complex level of organization, resulting from simpler levels working interdependently.

Macroscopic anatomy

gross structure

microscopic

fine structure

cytogology

studies cells

histology

studies tissues

Cytopathology

study of cellular level of diseases

histopathology

study at tissue level of diseases

pathology

answers questions about development of a disease & mechanisms of a disease

evolutionary medicine

answers questions about the orgins of a disease and reasons a disease persists

developmental anatomy

how immature structures form into mature structures over different times

embryology

how an embryo forms into a fetus over the first trimester

systemic anatomy

describes the body by separate systems

What are the anatomical systems?

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

What is the function of the integumentary system?

Protection from environmental hazards; temperature control.

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation.

What is the function of the muscular system?

Locomotion, support, and heat production.

What is the function of the nervous system?

Directing immediate responses to stimuli and coordinating the activities of other organ systems.

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases.

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Defense against infection and disease.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.

What is the function of the digestive system?

Processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water.

What is the function of the urinary system?

Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH.

What is the function of the reproductive system?

Production of sex cells and hormones.

clinical anatomy

application of systemic anatomy

abdominal region

Region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones.

What is the antebrachial region?

Forearm (portion of upper limb between the elbow and the wrist).

What is the antecubital region?

Region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region.

What is the auricular region?

Ear (visible surface structures of the ear and the ear's internal organs).

What is the axillary region?

Armpit.

What is the brachial region?

Arm (portion of upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow).

What is the buccal region?

Cheek.

What is the calcaneal region?

Heel of the foot.

What is the carpal region?

Wrist.

What is the cephalic region?

Head.

What is the cervical region?

Neck.

What is the cranial region?

Skull.

What is the coxal region?

Hip.

What is the crural region?

Leg (portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle).

What is the deltoid region?

Shoulder.

What is the digital region?

Fingers or toes (also called phalangeal).

What is the dorsal region?

Back.

What is the femoral region?

Thigh.

What is the fibular region?

Lateral aspect of the leg.

What is the frontal region?

Forehead.

What is the gluteal region?

Buttock.

What is the hallux?

Great toe.

What is the inguinal region?

Groin (crease in junction of thigh with trunk).

What is the lumbar region?

Relating to the loins; area of the back between the ribs and pelvis.

What is the mammary region?

Breast.

What is the mental region?

Chin.

What is the nasal region?

Nose.

What is the occipital region?

Posterior aspect of the head.