ECG C1: Anatomy of the Heart

Pericardial fluid acts a _________ to the heart during contractions.

Lubricant

The _________ view of the heart is also called the frontal view, whereas the posterior view is also called the _________ view.

Anterior; dorsal

The purpose of the _________ side of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body.

Left

The 12-lead ECG views from the heart from the _________ wall, _________ wall, _______ wall, and the ________ wall.

Lateral; anterior; apical; septal

The heart is located in the ________ cavity between the two _________.

Thoracic; lungs

True or False: Oxygen-poor blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary vein to the lungs.

False: Blood goes to the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins.

True or False: The left atrium pumps blood through the tricuspid valve into the left ventricle.

False: Blood is pumped through the mitral valve into the left ventricle

Label the following:

1. Right Atrium

2. Semilunar Valves

3. Atrioventricular Valves

4. Right Ventricle

5. Left Atrium

6. Left Ventricle

Label the following:

1. Purkinje’s Fibers

2. Atrioventricular Node

3. Sinoatrial Node (Pacemaker)

The heart consists of two upper chambers, called the right and left ________, and two lower chambers, called the right and left _______

Atrium; Ventricles

The _____________ (AV) valves separate the ________ from the __________.

Atrioventricular; atria; ventricles

The _________ valve has two cusps, whereas the other three valves have three cusps each.

Mitral or bicuspid

In a state of relaxation, the ________ valves are closed to allow the right and left _______ to fill with blood.

Atrioventricular; atrium

As the ventricles contract, the ________ valve opens to allow blood to enter the ________.

Pulmonic; lungs

The __________ cell layer is located next to the blood flow in blood vessels, whereas the ________ is the exterior cell layer.

Endothelial; epithelial

________ muscle cells provide for the movement of fluids through blood vessels.

Smooth

Smooth muscle cells are responsible for the ________ and _______ of the diameter of blood vessels.

Constriction; dilation

________ have the ability to produce an electrical current, causing the heart muscle to _________

Cardiomyocytes; contract

Cardiomyocytes are classified as _________, _________, and ________ muscles

Striated; branched; involuntary

The atrioventricular valves are held in place by _________ muscles.

Papillary

Ventricular walls are separated by a muscular wall called the _________.

Intraventricular Septum

The heart wall is composed of three types of tissue. The innermost layer is composed of _______ tissue, the middle layer is composed of ________ tissue, and the outermost layer is composed of ________ tissue.

Endocardium; Myocardium; Epicardium

The thickest layer of heart wall is the ________ layer.

Myocardium

Normal heart conduction begins in the ___________, then travels to the ___________, which is located near the lower right side of the ____________, and finally travels into the _________ system.

Sinoatrial (SA) Node; Atrioventricular (AV) Node; Right Atrium; His-Purkinje System

__________ circulation is blood flow between the heart and the lungs, whereas _______ circulation is blood flow to the body (except the lungs).

Pulmonary; Systemic

The volume of blood that is pumped in one minute by either ________ determines cardiac ________

Ventricle; Output

_________ occurs when arterial pressure is forced to increase.

Vasoconstriction

The change in blood pressure as the blood moves through the vessels of the body is known as ________.

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Blood pressure decreases when the _________ and the vascular resistance decreases.

Body temperature

In a(n) ______ position, the tricuspid valve releases blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Open

In a closed position, the ______ valve holds blood in the right atrium.

Tricuspid

In an open position, the ______ valve releases blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

Mitral

In a closed position, the mitral valve _________________.

holds blood in the left atrium

In a(n) ______ position, the pulmonic valve releases blood from the right ventricle into the lungs.

open

In a closed position, the _______ valve holds blood in the right ventricle.

Pulmonic

In a(n) _______ position, the aortic valve releases blood from the left ventricle into the body.

open

In a(n) _______ position, the aortic valve holds blood in the left ventricle.

closed

Arterioles control ________ blood flow and determine ________________ resistance.

systemic; total peripheral

Oxygenated blood flows _____ from the heart, except for the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the _______.

away; lungs

The largest blood vessel in the body is called the ______.

Aorta

The _____________ is a vein that drains blood from the upper body into the ______ atrium.

Superior Vena Cava; right

The atrioventricular groove surrounds the _______ surface of the heart.

external

The ______________ is a vein that drains blood from the lower body into the _______ atrium.

Inferior Vena Cava; right

Typical weight of adult female heart:

8-10 ounces

Typical weight of male adult heart:

10-12 ounces

Dimensions of heart:

2.5-3.5 in (6-9 cm) wide; 5 in (12-13 cm) long

The base of the heart refers to the:

Top of the heart. It is level with the third rib.

The apex of the heart refers to the:

Bottom of the heart. It projects downward to the left, right above the diaphragm.

Starting in the Right Atrium, list the flow of blood through the heart:

Right Atrium → tricuspid valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonic Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → bicuspid valve → Left Ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body