Sleep Deprivation Exam 1

Chpt 1: questions 1-42. Myst of Sleep: 43-104, Pres1: 105-113, Pres2: 114-125

1. Which of the following is not an insomnia cure experimented with in the british documentary shown in class?

1. Kiwi fruit

2. Avoiding screens before bed

3. Mindfulness

4. Prebiotic fiber drinks

2. Avoiding screens before bed

2. Match each sleep stage to its associated waves and an associated trait. 

1. N1           delta                                              sleep spindles and K complex

2. N2           theta                                             narrative dreams

3. N3           beta                                             nightmares

4. REM       high amplitude biphasic           resting eyes

N1 — theta — resting eyes

N2 — high amplitude biphasic — sleep spindles and K complex

N3 — delta — nightmares

REM — beta — narrative dreams

3. If someone wants to consolidate their memories after studying they should take a ______ minute nap. 

1. 90-120 

2. 10-15

3. 20-30

4. 60-70

3. 20-30

4. Which of the following is not an effect of sleep deprivation?

a. Average glucose levels can be elevated over an entire 24-hour period.

b. Increased risk of developing anxiety, which is a leading cause of insomnia.

c. Difficulty consolidating long-term memories due to insufficient REM sleep.

d. Increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s Disease due to impaired CSF removal.

c. Difficulty consolidating long-term memories due to insufficient REM sleep.

5. Which statement best explains why sleep deprivation for approximately 8-9 hrs following a traumatic event may reduce the risk of developing PTSD?

a. Reduced SWS interferes with the processing of emotional memory.

b. Memory transfer from short-term to long-term memory will be impaired.

c. Reduced REM interferes with the processing of emotional memory.

d. Insufficient SWS promotes the resolution of the anxiety from the traumatic event.

c. Reduced REM interferes with the processing of emotional memory.

6. Laura experiences physically enacting her dreams while sleeping. Her friend, Jessica, says she walks around in her sleep. What answer best distinguishes their sleep disorders?

a. Laura and Jessica both suffer from REM sleep behavior disorder.

b. Laura suffers from REM sleep behavior disorder, and Jessica suffers from sleep

walking, which are both associated with low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG activity.

c. Laura and Jessica both suffer from REM sleep atonia.

d. Jessica suffers from sleepwalking, associated with high-amplitude, low-frequency EEG activity. Laura suffers from REM sleep behavior disorder associated with low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG activity.

d. Jessica suffers from sleepwalking, associated with high-amplitude, low-frequency EEG activity. Laura suffers from REM sleep behavior disorder associated with low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG activity.

7. Match the terms in column A with their corresponding characteristics in column B

Column A

A. NREM 1

B. NREM 2

C. NREM 3

D. REM

Column B

1. Will experience the lowest heart rate than at any other time during the day.

2. Transition stage with theta waves, can be easily awakened, and twitching may occur.

3. Bursts of electrical/brain activity across the cortex, and biphasic waves.

4. Low-amplitude waves, similar to brain activity when awake.

A — 2

B — 3

C — 1

D — 4

8. All of the following statements are true regarding nightmares EXCEPT:

A) Normal reaction to stress

B) May help you resolve anxiety

C) Occur most often in REM sleep

D) Lighter sleepers may remember them better

C) Occur most often in REM sleep

9. You are a board-certified sleep doctor evaluating Randy Gardner, who reports chronic insomnia, emotional instability, vivid nightmares, and impaired attention years after prolonged sleep deprivation. Which brain pattern would you most expect to observe based on Randy’s symptoms?

A. Decreased amygdala activity during emotional tasks due to increased parasympathetic arousal

B. Hyperactive amygdala following REM sleep deprivation

C. Widespread neuronal death resulting from significant sleep deprivation

D. Complete suppression of REM sleep because sleep is a passive process

B. Hyperactive amygdala following REM sleep deprivation

10. Which is never associated with REM sleep?

1. Prefrontal cortex activity 

2. High physiological stability 

3. Neck sleep atonia 

4. Emotional regulation

2. High physiological stability 

11. Sleep deprivation can have severe effects on functioning, why is it that surgeons or pilots are able to perform while in a sleep deprived state?

1. These individuals are using procedural memory which does not need to be consolidated to the same extent as declarative memory. 

2. These individuals are able to make up for their sleep deprivation by sleeping longer on days they have off. 

3. These individuals are experiencing state dependent learning. They have performed the same task under the same conditions of being sleep deprived, allowing them to perform similarly each time. 

4. These individuals have adapted to ignoring the sleep cues provided from the build up of adenosine throughout the day, meaning they can stay awake a bit longer than someone who has not adapted to this.

3. These individuals are experiencing state dependent learning. They have performed the same task under the same conditions of being sleep deprived, allowing them to perform similarly each time. 

12. Michelle and her friends were planning to go out tonight, and Michelle has been looking forward to it all week. However, Michelle did not sleep at all the night before as she was studying for her biology exam. Michelle usually gets 8hrs of sleep each night so she is not considered chronically sleep deprived. Michelle has heard that naps can disrupt sleep for the oncoming night, but feels she needs some rest before she stays out late. How long of a nap is best for Michelle and when in the day should she take it?

1. 20-30 mins at any time of the day to prevent her from going into SWS and feeling groggy later

2. 45-60 mins right after her exam to help her consolidate the information she studied, benefiting her for the final exam wo ruining her next night’s sleep 

3. 90-120 mins right before she goes out to reduce the chemical drive that built up throughout the day, leading her to be more energized to go out 

4. 90-120 mins earlier in the day as it will act as a preventative nap, prolonging the time at which sleep deficits will occur

4. 90-120 mins earlier in the day as it will act as a preventative nap, prolonging the time at which sleep deficits will occur

13. At what stage of sleep do cells reduce in size for waste removal?

1. NREM 1

2. NREM 2

3. NREM 3

4. REM

3. NREM 3

14. Why is getting less than 7 hours of sleep bad for you?

1. Since deep sleep occurs later in the night, you are depreciating yourself of deep sleep which is important for emotional regulation. 

2. Since deep sleep occurs later in the night, you are depreciating yourself of deep sleep which is important for waste removal in the brain. 

3. Since REM sleep occurs later in the night, you are depreciating yourself of REM sleep which is important for emotional regulation. 

4. Since REM sleep occurs later in the night, you are depreciating yourself of REM sleep which is important for waste removal in the brain.

3. Since REM sleep occurs later in the night, you are depreciating yourself of REM sleep which is important for emotional regulation. 

15. Most students attending a particular high school have to wake up at 7 am every morning. Their teacher tells them to “catch up on sleep” every Friday. Why is the teacher correct/incorrect?

1. The teacher is correct because getting enough sleep on weekends can minimize long term effects from sleep deprivation during the weekdays.

2. The teacher is correct, but students need to make up every hour they lost since sleep is cumulative.

3. The teacher is incorrect because sleep can’t be “made up”, and being constantly sleep deprived leads to short and long term memory issues. 

4. The teacher is incorrect because students will not be able to sleep for 8 hours or more after being constantly sleep deprived. 

3. The teacher is incorrect because sleep can’t be “made up”, and being constantly sleep deprived leads to short and long term memory issues. 

16. Which of the following was not an observed effect on the subjects in the 1980s Rechtshaffen study of sleep deprivation on rats? 

1. Increased appetite

2. Impaired memory

3. Skin lesions

4. Weight gain 

4. Weight gain

17. Which statement best explains how genetics can effect sleep? 

1. Genetics influence sleep indirectly and cannot be used to predict specific sleep traits. 

2. Genetics only determine how much sleep a person needs, and environments factors affect other sleep factors. 

3. Genetics can influence how much sleep a person needs, whether they are a morning or a night person, and how they respond to caffeine and stress. 

4. Genetics do not have any effect on sleep patterns, they are entirely controlled by lifestyle choices/environment.

3. Genetics can influence how much sleep a person needs, whether they are a morning or a night person, and how they respond to caffeine and stress. 

18. You and your friends are going on a road trip and decide to leave at midnight to avoid traffic. You agree to drive the first 6 hours of the trip. Of the possible nap times, which would be the best for you to take going into your night of anticipated sleep deprivation, given you woke up at 8 am that morning?

1. 1 pm until 3 pm

2. 9 pm until 10 pm 

3. 11 pm until midnight 

4. No nap

1. 1 pm until 3 pm

19. Which of the following answers pairs the stage of sleep and physical activity correctly?

1. Slow wave sleep - increase in body temperature

2. Slow wave sleep - increase in heart rate

3. REM sleep - low oxygen saturation

4. REM sleep - inactivity of autonomic nervous system

3. REM sleep - low oxygen saturation

20. Why are people who have chronic sleep deprivation much more likely to experience cardiovascular issues?

1. Because they do not experience parasympathetic nervous system arousal in  slow wave sleep to restore the cardiovascular system

2. Because staying awake for longer periods of time forces the heart to beat harder  and faster

3. Because noradrenaline levels decrease when individuals do not experience slow wave sleep, increasing your blood pressure and weakening your heart muscles

4. Because they do not experience parasympathetic nervous system arousal in REM sleep to restore the cardiovascular system

1. Because they do not experience parasympathetic nervous system arousal in  slow wave sleep to restore the cardiovascular system

21. A participant in a sleep study exhibits periods of irregular heart rate, inability to thermoregulate, and muscle paralysis. These episodes occur more frequently ________ because the participant is experiencing ______. 

1. Early in the night, NREM3

2. In the morning, NREM3

3. Early in the night, NREM2

4. In the morning, REM

4. In the morning, REM

22. Dawson & Reid (1997) showed that prolonged wakefulness impairs cognitive and motor functions comparable to alcohol intoxication. Which of the following pairings most accurately reflects the equivalence btwn sleep deprivation and alcohol-related impairment?

1. 12 hours of wakefulness = BAC 0.01%

2. 17 hours of wakefulness = BAC 0.05%

3. 20 hours of wakefulness = BAC 0.12%

4. 24 hours of wakefulness = BAC 0.20%

2. 17 hours of wakefulness = BAC 0.05%

23. Why is REM sleep described as providing a form of overnight therapy?

1. REM increases hippocampal plasticity while suppressing memory reactivation

2. REM deactivates the amygdala and prevents emotional learning

3. REM allows emotional memories to be reprocessed in the absence of noradrenergic stress signalling

4. REM activated memories while increasing the stress response

3. REM allows emotional memories to be reprocessed in the absence of noradrenergic stress signalling

24. An on-call medical resident sleeps 5 hours a night for 10 consecutive nights. Based on the findings mentioned in class, which prediction is the most consistent? 

1. Their performance will resemble someone who has been totally sleep deprived for 24 hours

2. After one night of recovery sleep their cognitive performance should return back to normal

3. Their subjective alertness will closely match their objective performance level

4. Their impairment will be equivalent to a BAC 0.03%

1. Their performance will resemble someone who has been totally sleep deprived for 24 hours

25. Which of the following is not seen during slow wave sleep?

1. Body temperature drops

2. Sleep spindle brain activity

3. Skeletal muscle paralysis from the neck down

4. Memory consolidation process

3. Skeletal muscle paralysis from the neck down

26. Emma recently started a new job on the overnight shift. She has healthy eating and exercising habits and has no large stressors. Unfortunately, she has noticed that she is getting sick more frequently. Her sleep tracker data shows that she has a fragmented sleep pattern. Which explanation best accounts for Emma’s symptoms?

1. Normal adjustment to a new work schedule that temporarily affects mood but not physical health. 

2. Fragmented sleep can lead to not reaching deep sleep which is essential for restorative processes and immune function. 

3. Emma is not sleep deprived, people are very accurate about their own lack of sleep and how it affects them.

4. Working overnight disrupts Emma’s meal timing which interferes with nutrient absorption causing immune system issues. 

2. Fragmented sleep can lead to not reaching deep sleep which is essential for restorative processes and immune function. 

27. According to the lecture, which of the following is true about power naps and under what conditions are they most effective?

1. A power nap can be 20-30 minutes, so a person doesn’t enter SWS and akes up feeling groggy but rather refreshed instead.

2. A power nap can be 45-90 minutes long and typically taken mid-day (4-5 PM) before a long period of sleep deprivation. 

3. A power nap can be 90-120 minutes and is typically taken after a study session to help consolidate memories 

4. A power nap can be 90-120 minutes long and is typically taken in the early afternoon (~2 pm) before a long period of sleep deprivation.

1. A power nap can be 20-30 minutes, so a person doesn’t enter SWS and akes up feeling groggy but rather refreshed instead.

28. Which of the following sleep stages is characterized by muscle atonia, vivid dreaming, and high physiological instability?

1. NREM Stage 1

2. NREM Stage 2 

3. Slow Wave Sleep (NREM Stage 3)

4. REM

4. REM

29. The Randy Gardner sleep deprivation case is frequently discussed in sleep research courses. What is the primary reason this case is scientifically informative despite its limitations?

1. It demonstrated that prolonged sleep deprivation causes irreversible brain damage

2. It provided controlled experimental evidence linking sleep loss to mortality 

3. It illustrated the range of cognitive and behavioral effects of extreme sleep loss in humans

4. It established REM sleep as the most essential stage for survival

3. It illustrated the range of cognitive and behavioral effects of extreme sleep loss in humans

30. A person has been awake for approximately 24 hours and decides to drive home late at night. Which statement best describes the risk associated with this decision? 

1. Extended wakefulness can impair driving performance to level comparable to legal intoxication

2. Sleep deprivation affects mood more than reaction time or attention 

3. Driving ability remains largely intact as long as the individual avoids alcohol 

4. Significant impairment from sleep loss only occurs after several consecutive nights without sleep.

1. Extended wakefulness can impair driving performance to level comparable to legal intoxication

31. Why is sleep beneficial? Select all that apply. 

1. Increased stress levels

2. Improved focus and mood

3. Alzheimers indicator 

4. CSF cleans waste from the brain

2. Improved focus and mood

4. CSF cleans waste from the brain

32.  According to the documentary, why does chronic sleep deprivation increase the risk of accidents and injuries?

1. It weakens the immune system 

2. It reduces reaction time and impairs judgement

3. It increases hunger and weight gain

4. It lowers body temperature

2. It reduces reaction time and impairs judgement

33.  Alex sleeps 7 hours a night but stays on his phone until he falls asleep and wakes up feeling exhausted. What is the best explanation for this?

1. Alex’s body is adjusting to a new sleep schedule so he feels tired temporarily 

2. Alex is entering REM sleep too early preventing deep sleep

3. Screen use before bed is disrupting his REM sleep and sleep quality 

4. His body is getting enough sleep time, so is tiredness is likely caused by stress instead

3. Screen use before bed is disrupting his REM sleep and sleep quality 

34. Which of the following EEG characteristics are present during NREM2 sleep? Select all that apply. 

1. Sleep spindles

2. K-complexes

3. Delta waves

4. Beta waves

5. Alpha waves

6. Theta waves

1. Sleep spindles

2. K-complexes

6. Theta waves

35. Which of the following is an example of sleep being a passive process? 

1. Cells contracting allowing fro cerebrospinal fluid to sweep through and clean waste from between neurons 

2. Memory improves in control groups vs sleep deprived groups because there is no new information to process while sleeping 

3. Sleep allows the cardiovascular system to rest and restore 

4. Immune system functioning is improved with sleep

2. Memory improves in control groups vs sleep deprived groups because there is no new information to process while sleeping 

36. Which of the following is NOT a difficulty with studying sleep? 

1. It is hard to create a control group because you end up studying effects of sleep deprivation rather than sleep

2. There are confounds introduced when keeping a subject awake using stressful stimuli 

3. People may have different sleep routines or habits

4. Ethical concerns surrounding participants or experimental animals being forced to deprive themselves of sleep

3. People may have different sleep routines or habits

37. Nightmares are most likely to occur during which stage of sleep? 

1. N1

2. N2

3. SWS

4. REM

3. SWS

38.  There are theories suggesting a relationship between slow wave sleep and the development of Alzheimer’s disorder. The theory claims: 

1. More SWS may be linked to Alzheimer’s as CSF pushed btwn cells during this stage impedes memory consolidation 

2. Less SWS may be linked to Alzheimer’s as CSF pushed between cells during this stage clears out the buildup of amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer’s

3. More SWS may be linked to Alzheimer’s as the increase in space between neurons during this stage weakens neural connections and hinders memory formation 

4. Less SWS may be linked to Alzheimer’s as the increase in space between neurons during this stage enhances neuroplasticity

2. Less SWS may be linked to Alzheimer’s as CSF pushed between cells during this stage clears out the buildup of amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer’s

39. The negative health effects of sleep deprivation typically outweigh any potential positive health effects. In what scenario might this NOT be true? 

1. After an acute trauma

2. After drinking a lot of caffeine 

3. If one experiences REM sleep behavior disorder

4. If one works in a job that requires graveyard shifts

1. After an acute trauma

40. Match the stages of sleep with their corresponding definitions: 

a. NREM 1

b. N2

c. N3

d. REM

1. In and out of consciousness, when you first feel sleepy 

2. Rapid eye movement, dream sleep, the brain is very active 

3. Light sleep, most of your sleep, sleep spindles and K complexes

4. Deep sleep, SWS, slow delta waves, early in the night, effected by cannabis, alcohol, and regular exercise

a - 1

b - 3

c - 4

d - 2

41. What are the functions of SWS? 

1. Transfer memories, parasympathetic arousal, and immune function

2. Increases brain activity, repair nervous system, improve creativity 

3. Emotional regulation, facilitate dreaming, increase hunger in the morning 

4. Regulate skin temperature, repair sympathetic nervous system, improve mood

1. Transfer memories, parasympathetic arousal, and immune function

42. To have a good sleep after a bad night of sleep you should: 

1. Take a nap

2. Stay in bed to rest after waking up (don’t look at light right away)

3. Do your bedtime routine and watch a comforting movie until you fall asleep

4. Do not take a nap, do not drink caffeine, do your bedtime routine with no screens until you sleep

4. Do not take a nap, do not drink caffeine, do your bedtime routine with no screens until you sleep

Which of the following is false?

1. About 10% of people in the US have chronic insomnia

2. In patients with insomnia the amygdala becomes more highly activated after sleep

3. Patients with insomnia have highly disrupted SWS even if they do not wake up frequently at night

4. Insomnia can be characterized by difficulty falling asleep, difficulty going back to sleep, or difficulty in staying asleep

1. Patients with insomnia have highly disrupted SWS even if they do not wake up frequently at night 

What animal experiences uniphasic sleep in which one hemisphere of the brain is asleep while the other is awake? 

1. Worm

2. Dolphin

3. Jellyfish

4. Octopus

2. Dolphin

When woken, a participant has difficulty remembering what they were thinking of, is very groggy, and is in a noticeably bad mood. What stage of sleep were they likely woken from? 

1. REM

2. N1

3. N2

4. SWS

4. SWS

In the documentary, a group of children were given completely new information so that experimenters could measure the brain’s ability to form new memories. These children were taught novel object-name pairings such as “zet”, “mup”, “and “beev”. What was the estimated difference in retention between toddlers who napped soon after learning those pairing compared to those who went through a long period of time before napping?

1. Immediate nappers remembered about 65% of words and delayed nappers remembered about 40%

2. Immediate nappers remembered about 90% of words and delayed nappers remembered about 50% 

3. Immediate nappers remembered about 80% of words and delayed nappers remembered about 30%

4. Immediate nappers remembered about 75% of words and delayed nappers remembered about 25%

3. Immediate nappers remembered about 80% of words and delayed nappers remembered about 30%

Within the documentary, researchers describe a “paradox” of REM sleep where EEG patterns show brainwave activity that resembles someone who is awake, but the body remains still. Which best explains this “paradox” based on the processes shown in the documentary?

1. During REM sleep, the suprachiasmatic nucleus increases melatonin production, thus leading to physical paralysis

2. During REM sleep, our brain sends instructions to different muscles to move our body, but lower down in the brainstem, these instructions are disrupted and are not relayed to the body, thus causing physical paralysis

3. During REM sleep, the body enters its deepest sleep, causing the body to enter a state of physical paralysis

4. During REM sleep, the hippocampus which is the brain’s memory storage, becomes more active while the motor cortex becomes inactive during REM

2. During REM sleep, our brain sends instructions to different muscles to move our body, but lower down in the brainstem, these instructions are disrupted and are not relayed to the body, thus causing physical paralysis

Mina, a police officer, completed a lengthy, highly stressful shift which included high-speed chases, drug bust, and more. Which post-shift strategy should she do in order to reduce her risk of PTSD?

1. Remain awake for a few hours while engaging in activities such as light exercise, listening to music, or meditation before going to sleep

2. Go to sleep immediately after her shift in order for REM sleep to quickly process her emotions

3. Go to sleep immediately after the shift but set an early alarm so that she wakes up before entering REM 

4. Remain awake for the entire night to prevent REM from consolidating her emotions and experiences she just had

1. Remain awake for a few hours while engaging in activities such as light exercise, listening to music, or meditation before going to sleep

When can you expect to see brain waves during sleep that look the most similar to brain waves when awake? 

1. In the first half of the night during NREM 2 

2. In the first half of sleep during Deep Sleep

3. In the second half of your night during Deep Sleep

4. In the second half of your night during REM

4. In the second half of your night during REM

Why did the children who were given a short nap remember the new names of toys better than those who did not receive a nap directly after?

1. The group of children who ended up in the nap group had higher language acquisition than those who were not in the nap group 

2. Since the children’s brains are still developing, being able to sleep helps consolidate memories from the hippocampus into long term memory storage more frequently to process the highest amount of information

3. The children who napped had lower fatigue when questioned the next day allowing them to pay closer attention and focus better 

4. The children who received a nap earlier in the day had less emotional stress than those who napped later in the day which allowed them to better remember the names

2. Since the children’s brains are still developing, being able to sleep helps consolidate memories from the hippocampus into long term memory storage more frequently to process the highest amount of information

A college student wants to drive home from school to visit his family, he decides to leave after his last class of the day at 9:00pm, that morning he had woken up at 8 am. To counteract the tiredness he feels he decides to consume a caffeinated drink. Why is this not a good idea to help him reduce his sleep pressure? 

1. Drinking caffeine late at night interrupts the body’s natural circadian rhythm making it harder for him to fall asleep later

2. Caffeine does not reduce sleep pressure but simply binds to adenosine receptors blocking the effects of sleep pressure. Once the caffeine has diminished the sleep pressure effects will return as well as the additional effects during the time the caffeine was in his system,

3. Caffeine will affect his focus on the road and will lead to unsafe driving conditions due to this lack of alertness

4. Consuming caffeine late in the day affects physical endurance rather than cognitive functions so consuming the caffeine will not help him feel more alert as he is driving

2. Caffeine does not reduce sleep pressure but simply binds to adenosine receptors blocking the effects of sleep pressure. Once the caffeine has diminished the sleep pressure effects will return as well as the additional effects during the time the caffeine was in his system,

Participants are played sounds of their own singing in an fMRI scan before and after a night's sleep .Compared to normal, someone who suffers from chronic insomnia is likely to have: 

1. Consistent or increased arousal in their amygdala compared to baseline, showing their inability to reach SWS

2. Reduced arousal in their amygdala compared to baseline, showing their inability to reach SWS

3. Consistent or increased arousal in their amygdala compared to baseline, showing their inability to reach the REM stages of their sleep 

4. Reduced arousal in their amygdala compared to baseline, showing their inability to reach the REM stages of their sleep

3. Consistent or increased arousal in their amygdala compared to baseline, showing their inability to reach the REM stages of their sleep 

You have a toddler that is struggling to learn the alphabet. What may be the best time to practice the alphabet with them in order to improve their memory retention?

1. Practice the alphabet with them right before their mid-day nap 

2. Practice the alphabet with them after their mid-day nap 

3. Practice the alphabet with them after their mid-day nap

4. Practice the alphabet with them first thing in the morning

5. Forego their midday nap so that you can do practice drills on the alphabet

1. Practice the alphabet with them right before their mid-day nap 

Which of the following describes unihemispheric sleep and its purpose in animals like dolphins and seals? 

1. Both hemispheres of the brain sleep at the same time, allowing for deeper rest in safe environments 

2. One hemisphere of the brain sleeps while the other remains awake, helping the animal stay alert to danger 

3. The entire brain remains awake, but the body becomes temporarily paralyzed 

4. One hemisphere of the brain remains awake while the other controls dreaming and REM sleep only 

2. One hemisphere of the brain sleeps while the other remains awake, helping the animal stay alert to danger 

Which of the following best explains how REM sleep may influence the development of PTSD after trauma?

1. REM sleep prevents the brain from forming strong emotional memories related to trauma 

2. REM sleep completely erases memories of the traumatic event 

3. REM sleep strengthens the association between a traumatic event and related cues, increasing the likelihood of a fear response 

4. REM sleep reduces activity in brain regions responsible for emotional processing 

3. REM sleep strengthens the association between a traumatic event and related cues, increasing the likelihood of a fear response 

A preschool teacher introduces several new vocabulary words to her class right before lunchtime. Based on research about sleep and memory in young children, which strategy would most likely improve the children’s long-term retention of the new words?

1. Keep the children awake and review the words repeatedly throughout the afternoon 

2. Schedule active outdoor play immediately after the lesson to reinforce learning 

3. Wait until the end of the day to introduce new vocabulary so parents can review it at home 

4. Allow the children to take their usual midday nap shortly after learning the new words 

4. Allow the children to take their usual midday nap shortly after learning the new words 

In the documentary, a sleep study was conducted on a woman who suffered from insomnia. Although she had no issue falling asleep, she would wake up every 2 hours throughout the night. The researchers conducting the study found that she was entering what stage of sleep too early after sleep onset?

1. REM

2. SWS

3. NREM1

4. NREM2

1. REM

An experiment was conducted on toddlers to examine the difference in memory of learning names of objects when given a nap after vs. remaining awake. The toddlers who were given the nap showed a higher percentage of recall than those who did not nap. Which of the following is a potential confounding variable not mentioned in the documentary that could have influenced the results found?

1. The toddlers who remained awake had more time to remember objects than the toddlers who had to nap after

2. The toddlers who remained awake were exposed to additional stimuli that may have interfered with memory consolidation

3. The toddlers who napped were unable to consolidate memories since they did not enter REM

4. The toddlers who napped engaged in memory consolidation processes that happen during sleep

2. The toddlers who remained awake were exposed to additional stimuli that may have interfered with memory consolidation

In the documentary, the karaoke study revealed that insomniac individuals had heightened amygdala activity compared to normal sleepers when reacting to hearing themselves sing. How may this difference in brain activity most likely affect the mood of someone with insomnia in their daily life?

1. They may show decreased sensitivity to small stressors

2. They may experience increased mood instability

3. They may experience better regulation of their emotional responses

4. They may experience heightened emotional reactivity

2. They may experience increased mood instability

4. They may experience heightened emotional reactivity

Which of the following best describes the typical distribution of REM and NREM sleep across a normal night in healthy adults? 

1. REM dominates the first half of the night and gradually decreases and NREM dominates the last half 

2. Deep NREM sleep increases across the night while REM remains the same 

3. Deep NREM sleep dominates early in the night while REM sleep increases towards the morning

4. REM and NREM sleep alternate in equal duration

3. Deep NREM sleep dominates early in the night while REM sleep increases towards the morning

Research comparing individuals with chronic insomnia to good sleepers found that after total sleep deprivation the response from the amygdala differs. Which of the following best represents the finding?

1. The amygdala plays no significant role in sleep quality 

2. The amygdala calms down in individuals with insomnia 

3. Individuals with insomnia show persistent hyperactivity of the amygdala even when sleep pressure in high 

4. Good sleepers exhibit a greater level of hyperactivation of the amygdala than insomniacs 

3. Individuals with insomnia show persistent hyperactivity of the amygdala even when sleep pressure in high 

A preschool teacher is preparing a difficult learning activity for her class. She has to decide when nap time should occur. Based on the findings discussed in the documentary, which nap schedule will maximize memory retention?

1. Nap should occur right after the learning activity

2. Nap should occur several hours after the learning activity 

3. Nap should occur before the learning activity 

4. There should be no naps 

1. Nap should occur right after the learning activity

Which term refers to stable, trait-like differences in how individuals respond to sleep deprivation?

1. Circadian misalignment

2. Homeostatic sleep pressure

3. Phenotypic vulnerability 

4. REM rebound

3. Phenotypic vulnerability 

Why might children be more vulnerable to long-term consequences of sleep depreciation compared to adults?

1. Children experience less SWS than adults

2. Their brains need sleep for synaptic pruning and myelination during development

3. Children recover faster from acute sleep deprivation

4. Adults have stronger immune systems

2. Their brains need sleep for synaptic pruning and myelination during development

A college student reports feeling “fine” after repeatedly sleeping 5 hours a night for several weeks. Which statement supports the report of feeling “fine” the most?

1. The student’s brain has fully matured and is no longer experiencing impairment

2. Chronic sleep deprivation reduces subjective sleepiness while performance continues to decline over time 

3. Sleep loss only affects emotional regulation not cognition 

4. Reaction time improves with repeated sleep deprivation

2. Chronic sleep deprivation reduces subjective sleepiness while performance continues to decline over time 

In the documentary experimenters presented novel objects/toys to children and associated them with names such as “zet”, “mup”, “beev”, and “toap”. Why did they use these terms instead of regular vocabulary?

1. To assess linguistic creativity independent of memory 

2. To standardize pronunciation across developmental stages

3. To avoid prior semantic association and isolate hippocampal encoding

4. To induce cognitive fatigue and difficulty

3. To avoid prior semantic association and isolate hippocampal encoding

Which statement best explains the neural mechanism underlying improved retention in children who napped after learning new words?

1. Sleep increases the overall cerebral blood flow, which strengthens the neural pathways 

2. Sleep suppresses synaptic activity, preventing interference from competing stimuli 

3. Slow wave sleep promotes hippocampal-cortical replay, stabilizing newly encoded memories 

4. REM sleep enhanced emotional salience, increasing motivation to recall

3. Slow wave sleep promotes hippocampal-cortical replay, stabilizing newly encoded memories 

A pediatric neurologist designed an intervention for children diagnosed with mild learning delays. Based on the sleep memory findings presented in the documentary, which intervention strategy would be most directly supported by the evidence?

1. Scheduling intensive learning sessions immediately before a structured nap period

2. Increasing total instructional time in the late afternoon to maximize exposure 

3. Administering mild stimulants prior to vocabulary instruction to enhance alertness

4. Replacing naps with a quiet reading time to maintain cognitive engagement 

1. Scheduling intensive learning sessions immediately before a structured nap period

Which of the following methods can increase the quality of sleep?

1. Continuous stream of pink noise to increase amplitude and decrease number of slow waves

2. Continuous stream of pink noise to increase amplitude and number of slow waves

3. Pulsating pink noise to increase amplitude and number of slow waves

4. Pulsating pink noise to increase amplitude and decrease number of slow waves 

3. Pulsating pink noise to increase amplitude and number of slow waves

After 1.5 hours of hearing a noise and being shocked, rats that were forced to stay awake for 6 hrs no longer feared the noise and potential shock. Rats that were allowed to sleep after the 1.5 hrs still feared the noise and potential shock. Why?

1. Rats that went to sleep had under active REM stages causing them to still fear the noise and potential shock

2. The lack of sleep after trauma lessened the impact of the disturbing noise and shock for the rat

3. The lack of sleep after trauma heightened the amygdala activity, causing rats to not fear the noise and potential shock

4. Rats that went to sleep woke up with decreased amygdala activity causing them to still fear the noise and potential shock

2. The lack of sleep after trauma lessened the impact of the disturbing noise and shock for the rat

Bob and Dylan are both college students. Bob lives in a frat house and despite him attempting to sleep 8 hours per night, he is constantly awoken from the music downstairs. Dylan is able to sleep peacefully through the night but generally gets only 5 hours per night due to his late work shifts and early classes. Which person has a sleep schedule that is more likely to impact their mood?

1. Bob, fragmented sleep is almost as though he is not getting any sleep resulting in greater irritability and anxiety

2. Bob, awakening multiple times during the night is not a normal process during sleep 

3. Dylan, 5 hours of sleep is where we start to see measurable effects of sleep deprivation

4. Dylan, his sleep is too short where it is cutting out his time in REM, meaning he has less emotional regulation occurring

1. Bob, fragmented sleep is almost as though he is not getting any sleep resulting in greater irritability and anxiety

Which statement best explains why REM sleep is also referred to as “paradoxical sleep”?

1. More than 80% of REM periods are associated with dreams.

2. Muscle atonia prevents the sleeper from physically acting out dreams.

3. The brain displays low-amplitude, high-frequency activity similar to that of wakefulness.

4. The sleeper often experiences vivid dreams and nightmares during this stage.

3. The brain displays low-amplitude, high-frequency activity similar to that of wakefulness.

Despite a period of sleep deprivation, Sarah feels a boost of alertness after drinking 95 mg of caffeine. How does caffeine produce this effect?

1. Caffeine binds to adenosine molecules in the synapse and breaks them down.

2. Caffeine increases cortical activity by inhibiting the production of adenosine.

3. Caffeine binds to adenosine receptors, limiting adenosine’s effects.

4. Caffeine increases cortical activity by increasing the production of adenosine

3. Caffeine binds to adenosine receptors, limiting adenosine’s effects.

Leo, a 4-year-old, attends school in the morning and typically takes an afternoon nap. His twin, Julia, also attends school in the morning but does not take an afternoon nap. If we were to compare both children' s performance on memory-based homework assignments in the evening after Leo took his nap, what would we most likely observe, and why?

1.  Leo would make more mistakes than Julia because naps reduce delta power, making it more difficult to sleep at night.

2. Leo and Julia would perform the same because the size of their hippocampi is the same.

3. Leo would make fewer mistakes than Julia because naps allow information to be more effectively stored as long term memory in the hippocampus.

4. Leo would make fewer mistakes than Julia because information from the hippocampus needs to be transferred more frequently to the cortex in children.

4. Leo would make fewer mistakes than Julia because information from the hippocampus needs to be transferred more frequently to the cortex in children.

During REM sleep, brain wave activity is most similar to which of the following?

1. Deep slow-wave sleep, with a large amplitude and a low frequency

2. Quiet resting state with eyes closed

3. Awake, alert brain wave patterns

4. Complete neural inactivity

3. Awake, alert brain wave patterns

Why does delaying sleep after learning reduce memory retention in toddlers?

1. Adenosine buildup interferes with encoding

2. The hippocampus has a limited temporary storage capacity

3. REM sleep suppresses new memories

4. There is a bigger accumulation of sleep pressure

2. The hippocampus has a limited temporary storage capacity

You are an army physician. A soldier walks into your clinic after experiencing a traumatic combat event. He reports intense emotional distress and asks you what his next course of action should be. Based on the research discussed in the documentary, what advice should you give him?

1. Encourage him to get a full night of sleep, because REM sleep immediately weakens traumatic memories by suppressing amygdala activity.

2. Encourage him to get a full night of sleep, because slow-wave sleep erases emotional memory traces from the hippocampus.

3. Advise him to delay sleep temporarily, because preventing REM sleep reduces the total amount of emotional memory consolidation.

4. Advise him to delay sleep temporarily, because immediate REM sleep may strengthen consolidation of emotionally intense memories through amygdala–hippocampal activation.

4. Advise him to delay sleep temporarily, because immediate REM sleep may strengthen consolidation of emotionally intense memories through amygdala–hippocampal activation.

Which physiological mechanism becomes significantly more active during SWS and facilitates the clearance of beta-amyloid and other metabolic byproducts from the brain?

1. Increased hippocampal neurogenesis

2. Activation of the glymphatic clearance pathway

3. Elevated cortical dopamine transmission

4. Suppression of thalamocortical signaling

2. Activation of the glymphatic clearance pathway

This documentary argues that sleep deprivation disrupts higher-order cognitive functioning. Which explanation best reflects the neurological mechanism presented?

1. Sleep loss primarily suppresses  activity in the brain stem, reducing autonomic stability

2. REM sleep deprivation permanently alters synaptic density in the cerebellum

3. Sleep deprivation reduces functional efficiency in the prefrontal cortex, impairing executive control and emotional regulation

4. Sleep restriction increases melatonin secretion, leading to cognitive slowing

3. Sleep deprivation reduces functional efficiency in the prefrontal cortex, impairing executive control and emotional regulation

A hospital resident works a 26 hour shift with minimal sleep and is required to make high-stake clinical decisions at the end of the shift. Which outcome is most consistent with the neurocognitive effects of acute sleep deprivation?

1. Enhanced procedural memory due to stress-induced cortisol release

2. Increased REM rebound during waking hours improving emotional neutrality

3. Strengthened hippocampal memory consolidation despite sleep loss

4. Cognitive performance comparable to moderate alcohol intoxication, particularly in decision making and reaction time

4. Cognitive performance comparable to moderate alcohol intoxication, particularly in decision making and reaction time

An arousal is an exchange of sleep for something wake-like. These are common in…

1. All people

2. People with mood disorders

3. People with Alzheimer’s

4. People with restless sleep

4. People with restless sleep

The documentary discussed an experiment where young children were shown 4 objects given nonsense names. They tested how well the children could remember the object’s given names with and without a nap afterwards. Children who napped were able to remember the names 80% of the time while those who did not nap only remembered the words about 30% of the time. What was the researchers’ hypothesis for why this occurred?

1. Information is moved from the hippocampus to the cortex more frequently in early development

2. Young children spend more time in REM, when memory consolidation occurs

3. Children who did not nap took in new information that interfered with their memory of the object names

4. The children who napped had dreams about the objects that led them to remember their names

1. Information is moved from the hippocampus to the cortex more frequently in early development

In the first half of the night sleep cycles are made up of mostly ____. As the night processes the _____ to _____ ratio increases. 

1. REM; SWS to REM

2. SWS; REM to SWS

3. SWS; N2 to SWS

4. REM; N2 to REM

2. SWS; REM to SWS

What does it mean to have insomnia?

1. The body does not enter REM sleep and only exists in NREM sleep cycles

2. One is more likely to be embarrassed in day-to-day life due to the amygdala being hyperactive

3. Occurs after experiencing a traumatic event and limits PTSD

4. Do not sleep in the normal sleep pattern of SWS and REM

2. One is more likely to be embarrassed in day-to-day life due to the amygdala being hyperactive

When children nap after learning new words, how does it impact their ability to retain information?

1. When the kids napped they were 80% more likely to remember the new phrases because while they slept, their brains were able to move these memories from the hippocampus and transferred into LTM storage

2. Napping did not seem to impact the children’s ability to retain new words

3. When the kids napped they were 30% more likely to remember the new phrases because while they slept their brains were able to move those memories from the hippocampus into LTM storage

4. When the kids did not nap they retained 80% of the new words because they were stimulated by their surroundings and the constant use of new words

1. When the kids napped they were 80% more likely to remember the new phrases because while they slept, their brains were able to move these memories from the hippocampus and transferred into LTM storage

A brain is being scanned and the brain waves are confused for an individual who is awake, but they are sleeping. What is the explanation for this?

1. They were listening to pink noise because it enhances their sleep quality and ability to have vivid dreams

2. This person must be in stage 1 sleep, where they still feel as though they are awake, even though they have fallen asleep

3. Sleep is a passive experience, so this person has to be awake

4. This individual is in REM sleep, and if they were not paralyzed their body would be moving as if they were awake

4. This individual is in REM sleep, and if they were not paralyzed their body would be moving as if they were awake

After falling asleep it takes approximately _____ to enter REM. More than _____ of the REM period includes vivid dreams. 

1. 30 mins; 50%

2. 60 mins; 80%

3. 60 mins; 50%

4. 120 mins; 80%

2. 60 mins; 80%

Why does giving older adults a burst of pink noise when they sleep improve their sleep quality?

1. Pink noise increases the amplitude of their sleep waves during SWS which improves their sleep quality since SWS amplitude decreases as we get older

2. Pink noise helps to decrease amygdala activation, reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality

3. Pink noise activates the hippocampus, which allows for improved memory and deeper sleep 

4. Pink noise stimulates dream activity, allowing older adults to get more REM sleep which gives the body more time to restore the cardiovascular system

1. Pink noise increases the amplitude of their sleep waves during SWS which improves their sleep quality since SWS amplitude decreases as we get older

A researcher had a student live in an underground cave for a month to examine the effect of zero exposure to natural light on sleep. After several days, the student began falling asleep and waking up at irregular times. During the day, the student was given multiple cups of coffee to stay alert but later reported difficulty falling asleep at night. What answer best describes the reason for the student’s irregular sleep?

1. Having to sleep in a different environment prevented adenosine from building up in the brain, and caffeine caused an increase in melatonin production, inducing an irregular sleep pattern

2. Living without natural light caused the production of melatonin to increase during the day, and drinking caffeine sped up the removal of adenosine, eliminating the student’s need for sleep

3. The buildup of adenosine was increased due to the lack of natural light, and caffeine magnified the effect of increased adenosine, making the student suffer from insomnia 

4. The absence of environmental light disrupted melatonin regulation, and caffeine blocked adenosine receptors, which masked sleep pressure and delayed sleep onset

4. The absence of environmental light disrupted melatonin regulation, and caffeine blocked adenosine receptors, which masked sleep pressure and delayed sleep onset

In the documentary, acoustic simulation experiments were described where researchers gave participants bursts of pink noise at specific points during slow wave sleep. What was the main effect of this experiment?

1. Decreased time in REM and less memorable dreams

2.  Increased amplitude and synchronization of slow waves in the cortex

3. Decreased waves in the hippocampus

4. Resetting of sleep-wake cycles and melatonin release

2.  Increased amplitude and synchronization of slow waves in the cortex

Within the documentary, research is described that shows increased activity in the amygdala following a period of sleep deprivation. Which of the following options most accurately describes this finding as it pertains to emotional regulation?

1. Sleep deprivation increases the transfer of information between the hippocampus and cortex, increasing emotional salience of memories

2. REM sleep normally decreases activation of the limbic system by recalibrating amygdala-prefrontal connectivity; without it, emotional responses become exaggerated

3. Slow-wave sleep strengthens amygdala synaptic potentiation, increasing threat sensitivity

4. Adenosine accumulation directly stimulates amygdala firing, leading to emotional dysregulation

2. REM sleep normally decreases activation of the limbic system by recalibrating amygdala-prefrontal connectivity; without it, emotional responses become exaggerated

In a hypothetical world, you are a researcher sanctioned by the U.S. Department of Defense to design an intervention for soldiers in war to minimize PTSD symptoms. Based on the fear conditioning trials with rodents described in the documentary, which approach is most likely to minimize PTSD symptoms in the affected soldiers?

1. Enhancing REM sleep immediately following the trauma to process the emotions faster

2. Administering caffeine to the soldiers immediately after the traumatic event to increase encoding in the hippocampus

3. Temporarily withholding sleep for a night immediately following the traumatic event to prevent consolidation of memories to the cortex

4. Increasing the amplitude of SWS brainwaves using acoustic stimulation directly following the traumatic even

3. Temporarily withholding sleep for a night immediately following the traumatic event to prevent consolidation of memories to the cortex

Which animal engages in unihemispheric sleep?

1. Dog

2. Dolphin

3. Cat 

4. Shark

2. Dolphin

What happened to rats kept awake for 6 hrs after experiencing trauma (hearing a tone and experiencing a shock) and why?

1. The rats froze when they heard the tone because they stored the emotional memories into long term memories

2. The rats froze when they heard the tone because they did not store the emotional memories into long term memories 

3. The rats paused, then went back to exploring when they heard the tone because they stored the emotional memories into long term memories 

4. The rats paused, then went back to exploring when they heard the tone because they did not store the emotional memories into long term memories

4. The rats paused, then went back to exploring when they heard the tone because they did not store the emotional memories into long term memories

A student decides to drink an energy drink after a bad night’s sleep. What happens when they drink the energy drink and why?

1. The student feels less tired because caffeine lowers adenosine levels

2. The student feels less tired because caffeine binds to adenosine receptors

3. The student feels less tired because caffeine increases adenosine levels

4. The student feels less tired because caffeine binds to adenosine 

2. The student feels less tired because caffeine binds to adenosine receptors

During teenage years, which major brain change leads to more efficient neural processing?

1. Increase in gray matter

2. Synaptic pruning

3. Decrease in white matter

4. Reduced dopamine production

2. Synaptic pruning

Why are teenagers at higher risk of sleep deprivation when compared to adults?

1. Teens require less REM

2. Their prefrontal cortex is still developing

3. Their brain is fully developed in terms of emotional regulation

4. They produce less melatonin

2. Their prefrontal cortex is still developing

A 16 year old consistently sleeps 5 hours per night and begins showing impulsive decision making and emotional reactivity. Based on the video, which explanation is most accurate?

1. Sleep deprivation primarily affects muscle recovery in teens

2. The limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex, increasing emotional reactivity

3. Teenagers are resistant to sleep-related cognitive decline in the brain 

4. Sleep loss strengthens executive control

2. The limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex, increasing emotional reactivity

According to the “Mysteries of Sleep” documentary, which two biological processes regulate sleep?

1. Dopamine buildup and serotonin release

2. Circadian rhythms and the buildup of melatonin and adenosine 

3. REM sleep and SWS 

4. Brainwaves produced in the amygdala and hippocampus

2. Circadian rhythms and the buildup of melatonin and adenosine 

Why do babies require more frequent naps compared to adults?

1. They need to experience more REM sleep than adults in order to consolidate memories more frequently 

2. Their amygdalas are more active than adults so they need to process emotional experiences more frequently 

3. Their hippocampus is still developing and information needs to be transferred from STM to LTM more frequently

4. Their circadian rhythms do not follow a 24 hour cyclic pattern the way adults’ do

3. Their hippocampus is still developing and information needs to be transferred from STM to LTM more frequently