chapter 4

These flashcards cover key concepts related to consciousness, sleep, biological rhythms, and the effects and implications of psychoactive drugs.

Consciousness

The subjective state of being aware of oneself, one’s thoughts, and/or the environment.

Internal consciousness

Awareness of internal experiences such as pain, hunger, and emotions.

External consciousness

Awareness of experiences outside of oneself.

Biological rhythm

The internal cycle of biological activity in an individual.

Circadian rhythm

A regular bodily rhythm that occurs on a 24-hour cycle.

Sleep cycle

The patterns of shifts through the various stages of sleep over the course of the night.

REM sleep

A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements and wild brain activity.

Stage 1 Sleep

Transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep, featuring alpha and theta waves.

Stage 2 Sleep

Deep relaxation state of sleep, characterized by sleep spindles.

Stage 3 Sleep

Deep sleep stage featuring delta waves.

Sleep Spindles

Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity occurring in stage 2 sleep.

Alpha waves

Low frequency, high amplitude brain waves associated with an awake state.

Theta waves

Slow brain waves that occur in stages 1 and 2 of sleep.

Delta waves

Low frequency, high amplitude brain waves found in stage 3 sleep.

Sleep loss effects

Negative effects on the body arising from inadequate sleep.

Dreams

Sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts that occur during sleep.

Negative dreams

Dreams that often include negative events or emotions, particularly feelings of failure.

Psychoactive drug

A chemical substance that alters brain function, impacting perceptions and moods.

Dependence

A condition where the body becomes accustomed to a drug, resulting in cravings.

Physical dependence

Alteration of the body that leads to cravings for a drug to alleviate withdrawal symptoms.

Psychological dependence

A condition where a person relies on a drug to cope with daily life.

Tolerance

The diminishing effect of a drug with regular use, requiring larger doses for the same effect.

Withdrawal

The discomfort experienced after stopping an addictive drug or behavior.

Depressants

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow bodily functions.

Alcohol

A common depressant that impairs memory and judgment.

Barbiturates

Tranquilizers that reduce anxiety but impair cognitive function.

Opioids

Highly addictive depressants that alleviate pain and produce euphoria.

Caffeine

A stimulant that increases energy but can disrupt sleep patterns.

Nicotine

A highly addictive psychoactive substance found in tobacco.

Cocaine

A powerful stimulant that increases dopamine levels, resulting in euphoria.

Euphoria

An intense state of happiness or well-being often associated with drug use.

Methamphetamine

A strong stimulant that results in rapid body functions and mood changes.

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A psychoactive drug that acts as a stimulant and mild hallucinogen.

LSD

A potent hallucinogenic drug known for altering perception.

THC

The primary psychoactive component of marijuana.

Serotonin-producing neurons

Neurons that produce serotonin, a neurotransmitter important for mood regulation.

Sleep pattern variation

Differences in sleep patterns due to age, culture, and individual preference.

Light suppression of melatonin

Intense light exposure can inhibit melatonin, complicating sleep cycles.

Heart rate during REM sleep

Increases and breathing becomes rapid during REM sleep.

Dream content

Dreams often incorporate real-world stimuli and past experiences.

Withdrawal symptoms

Physical and psychological symptoms experienced after ceasing drug use.

Impaired judgment

The inability to make sound decisions often caused by substance use.

Neurotransmitter

Chemicals in the brain that transmit signals between neurons.

CNS (Central Nervous System)

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Addiction

A chronic condition characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use.

Social connectedness on drugs

Substances like ecstasy can create a false sense of intimacy and connection.

Mental sharpness

The ability to think clearly and quickly, which can fluctuate during the day.