History paper 1

OCR B History - Migrants to Britain and Elizabethens

What period does 'Elizabethan England' refer to?

The later reign of Queen Elizabeth I from 1580 to 1603.

What is often considered the 'Golden Age' of England?

The Elizabethan era during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

What were the key themes of the Elizabethan era?

Religious tensions, political stability, economic development, social structure, culture and arts, foreign policy, and succession.

What was the primary goal of Elizabeth's foreign policy?

To protect England from foreign invasion and promote trade and prosperity.

What key religious challenges did Elizabeth face?

Challenges from Catholics and Puritans regarding the religious settlement.

What was the structure of Elizabethan social hierarchy?

Monarch, nobility, gentry, merchants, yeomen farmers, tenant farmers, labourers, urban poor, vagrants.

What was the 'Great Chain of Being'?

The belief in a divinely ordained social order where everyone had a fixed place.

What was the role of women in Elizabethan society?

Limited legal and social rights, subordinate to men, primarily managing households.

Who was the monarch during the Elizabethan era?

Queen Elizabeth I.

What was the primary industry driving economic growth in Elizabethan England?

The cloth trade, particularly woollen cloth.

What were the major economic problems faced during the Elizabethan era?

Inflation, poverty, and the repercussions of the enclosure movement.

What was the purpose of the Poor Laws in Elizabethan England?

To address poverty by distinguishing between the 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor.

What was Elizabeth's approach to patronage?

She used it to reward loyalty and maintain control over the nobility.

What were Justices of the Peace (JPs) responsible for?

Maintaining law and order and administering local government.

What was the Act of Supremacy?

It declared Elizabeth as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

What challenges did Catholics pose to Elizabeth?

Plots to overthrow Elizabeth and support for Mary Queen of Scots.

What was the Spanish Armada and why was it significant?

The 1588 attempt by Spain to invade England; its defeat marked a major turning point.

What are some notable cultural achievements of the Elizabethan era?

The flourishing of arts and literature, including works by Shakespeare and Marlowe.

What was the importance of public theatres during this time?

They attracted large audiences from all social classes and popularized dramatic arts.

Who was Sir Francis Drake?

An English sea captain known for circumnavigating the globe and raiding Spanish ships.

What characterized Elizabethan exploration and expansion?

A desire for trade, national glory, religious zeal, and adventure.

What was the outcome of the Roanoke Colony effort?

It failed, leading to the mystery of the 'Lost Colony'.

What were the challenges faced by England in the late 1590s?

Economic hardship, social unrest, and political tensions.

What was the Essex Rebellion?

A rebellion led by the Earl of Essex against Elizabeth's government in 1601.

How did Elizabeth address the succession crisis?

She tacitly accepted James VI of Scotland as her successor.

What legacy did Elizabethan England leave behind?

It is remembered as a 'Golden Age' for its political stability and cultural achievements.

What key factors contributed to social unrest in late Elizabethan England?

Increased vagrancy, poverty, food riots, and social inequality.

What was the significance of the Thirty-Nine Articles?

They defined the doctrines of the Church of England, mixing Protestant and Catholic elements.

What was Elizabeth's view towards Puritan challenges?

She managed Puritan opposition but tensions remained.

How did Elizabeth cultivate her image as a ruler?

By promoting herself as the 'Virgin Queen', wise and dedicated to her country.

What was the role of the Privy Council?

Elizabeth's key advisors, responsible for day-to-day government and law.

What were the economic consequences of inflation during Elizabeth's reign?

Reduced living standards, especially for the poor.

What was a main characteristic of Elizabethan theatre?

Explored a wide range of themes, including love, history, politics, and morality.

How did foreign policy shape Elizabethan England's interactions?

Focused on national security, trade, balance of power, and supporting Protestantism.

What was the impact of the Spanish Netherlands on Elizabethan policy?

England supported Dutch Protestant rebels, leading to conflict with Spain.

What motivated the English to colonize new territories during Elizabeth's reign?

The quest for trade routes and national prestige.

What marked the end of the Tudor dynasty?

Elizabeth's death in 1603, leading to the beginning of the Stuart era.

Huguenots

French Protestants who fled to Britain to escape religious persecution in the 17th century.

Palatines

German Protestants who migrated to Britain in the early 18th century due to economic hardship.

Windrush Generation

Caribbean migrants who arrived in Britain after WWII to fill labor shortages.

Pogroms

Violent riots aimed at the massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews in Eastern Europe. Examples include the Kishinev pogrom in 1903 and the Odessa pogrom in 1905.

EU Expansion

The enlargement of the European Union, allowing citizens of new member states to migrate more freely.

Jews

Arrived in England in 1066 with William the Conqueror. Faced significant persecution, culminating in the expulsion of 1290.

Flemish Weavers

Invited by Edward III to improve the English wool industry.

1290

Expulsion of Jews by Edward I.

13th-15th Centuries

Flemish weavers settle in towns like Norwich, Colchester, and London, contributing to the textile industry.

Africans

Brought as slaves or servants during the expansion of the British Empire.

1685

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, leading to Huguenot migration.

1709

Arrival of Palatines, settling in places like London and Ireland.

1845-1852

Great Irish Famine leading to mass migration.

1880s-1914

Arrival of Eastern European Jews escaping persecution.

Pogroms

Violent riots aimed at the massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews in Eastern Europe.

Irish

Significant migration during the Great Famine (1845-1852).

Jewish Refugees

Fleeing pogroms in Eastern Europe in the late 19th century.

Italians

Seeking economic opportunities in Britain.

Great Irish Famine

A period of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland from 1845 to 1852.

West Indians (Windrush Generation)

Post-WWII labor shortages led to invitations for Caribbean migrants.

South Asians

Migrated post-1960s, especially after changes in immigration laws.

Eastern Europeans

Post-2004 EU expansion.

1948

Arrival of SS Empire Windrush, marking significant Caribbean migration.

1962, 1968, 1971

Immigration Acts impacting migration.

2004

EU expansion leading to increased Eastern European migration.

Numbers of Migrants

During the Industrial Period, hundreds of thousands of Irish, Jewish, and Italian migrants arrived in Britain. For example, by 1851, about 520,000 Irish-born people were living in England and Wales.