Chapter 13 - Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Pope Paul III

In 1542, ________ took the decisive step of calling for a general council of Christendom to resolve the religious differences created by the Protestant revolt.

Valois monarchy

The ________ was staunchly Catholic, and its control of the Catholic Church gave it little incentive to look on Protestantism favorably.

1532

From ________ to 1535, Charles was forced to fight off an Ottoman, Arab, and Barbary attack on the Mediterranean coasts of Italy and Spain.

mid sixteenth century

By the ________, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the international form of Protestantism, and Calvins Geneva stood as the fortress of the Reformation.

Charles

________ brought a sizable imperial army of German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish troops to do battle with the Protestants.

Frederick the Wise

________, elector of Saxony and Martin Luthers prince, had amassed more than 19,000 relics to which were attached indulgences that could reduce ones time in purgatory by nearly 2 million years.

John Calvin

________ achieved a major success in 1541 when the city council accepted his new church constitution, known as the Ecclesiastical Ordinances.

Schmalkaldic Wars

In the first phase of the ________, the emperors forces decisively defeated the Lutherans at the Battle of Muhlberg.

Ulrich Zwingli

________ was a product of the Swiss forest cantons.

Protestant reformers

________ called on men and women to read the Bible and participate in religious services together.

Mary

________ was ousted from Scotland by rebellious Calvinist nobles in 1568 and fled for her life to England.

Roman Catholic Church

After the Council of Trent, the ________ possessed a clear body of doctrine and a unified church under the acknowledged supremacy of the popes, who had triumphed over bishops and councils.

death of Queen Mary

After the ________ in 1558, her half- sister Elizabeth ascended the throne of England.

Jesus' body

________ is at the right hand of God and thus can not be in the sacrament, but to the believer, Jesus is spiritually present in the Lords Supper.

Calvin

________ kept the same two sacraments as other Protestant reformers, baptism and the Lords Supper.

Roman Catholic Church

The ________ had become one Christian denomination among many with an organizational framework and doctrinal pattern that would not be significantly altered for four hundred years.

Calvin

________ also placed much emphasis on the absolute sovereignty of God or the ‘ ‘ power, grace, and glory of God.

Modern Devotion

Other people sought certainty of salvation in the popular mystical movement known as the ________, which downplayed religious dogma and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus.

Johannes Geiler

One of the popular preachers was ________ of Kaisersberg, who denounced the corruption of the clergy.

Oratory of Divine Love

The ________, first organized in Italy in 1497, was not a religious order but an informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity.

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Two additional ________ soon followed and kept Charles preoccupied with military campaigns in southern France and the Low Countries.

Catholic Reformation

The ________ revived the best features of medieval Catholicism and then adjusted them to meet new conditions, as is most apparent in the revival of mysticism and monasticism.

Roman Catholic Church

The ________ had become one Christian denomination among many with an organizational framework and doctrinal pattern that would not be significantly altered for four hundred years.