Brain and Behavior Exam 3

Focuses on Motivation, Drugs and Addiction, and Psychological Behavior

Motivation is best defined as:

internal and external forces

Homeostasis refers to

internal balance

Which theory focuses on reducing internal discomfort

drive theory

Which theory focuses on rewards

incentive theory

The hypothalamus is responsible for

regulating hunger and temperature

Osmotic thirst occurs when

cells are dehydrated

Hypovolemic thirst occurs when

blood volume decreases

which structure detects fluid balance

SFO

Angiotensin II

increases thirst

Hunger is more complex than thirst because

it involves multiple systems

The absorption phase occurs

after eating

The fasting phase involves

using stored energy

insulin

lowers blood glucose

Glucagon

releases stored glucose

The lateral hypothalamus

initiates eating

The ventromedial hypothalamus

signals fullness

Ghrelin

increases hunger

Leptin

Decreases appetite

CCK helps

stop eating during a meal

Sensory specific satiety means

A food becomes less appealing as you eat it

BMI measures

Weight relative to hight

Anorexia nervosa invloves

restriction of food

Bulimia nervosa involves

bingeing and purging

A psychoactive drug

alters brain function

Tolerance means

More drug needed

withdrawal refers to

negative symptoms after stoping

Depressants

decrease brain activity

Stimulants

increase alterness

psychedelics

alter perception

The mesolimbic pathway is associated with

reward

Dopamine is associated with

reward and reinforcement

Hypofrontality involves

reduces frontal activity

The dopamine hypothesis relates to

Schizophrenia

Bipolar disorder involves

mania and depression

PTSD is associated with

Trauma and hyperarousal

Motivation only comes from external rewards

false

Homeostasis helps maintain internal balance

true

What is the main effect of ghrelin on the body

it increases appetite

What is the primary role of leptin

signal fullness and reduce appetite

Which statement best describes addiction

It involves brain changes, cravings, and continued use despite harm

Genetics influence addiction by

Affecting how drugs are metabolized and brain responses

Which of the following best defines and anxiety disorder

Excessive fear or worry that interferes with functioning

What is a key feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Persistent and excessive worry about many areas of life

Panic disorder is characterized by

sudden and intense episodes of fear with physical symptoms

A phobia is best described as

An intense, irrational dear of a specific object or situation

PTSD develops after

a traumatic or life-threatening event

Which brain structure is often overactive in anxiety and PTSD

Amygdala

What is compulsion in OCD

A repetitive behavior performed to reduce anxiety

What is a common symptom of major depressive disorder

Persistent sadness and loss of interest

Which statement best explains the cause of psychological disorders

They result from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors

Where is the SFO located

in the thalamus

Where is the OVLT located

in the hypothalamus

Which of the following is a common medication used to treat depression

Atypical antidepressants, especially SSRIs

How do most antidepressant medications work

The increase availability of neurotransmitters like serotonin in the brain

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) primarily used for

Treating severe depression when other treatments fail

Which side effect is commonly associated with SSRI (atypical) antidepressants

Sexual dysfunction (reduced libido)

Which side effect is most associated with tricyclic antidepressants

dry mouth, drowsiness, and dizziness

Why are MAOIs considered risky compared to other antidepressants

They require strict dietary restrictions and monitoring to avoid dangerous reactions

What serious risk is associated with combining MAOIs with certain foods (like aged cheese)

Severe hypertension (dangerously high blood pressure)

Why are SSRIs generally preferred over older antidepressants

They have few and less severe side effects