CHEM 1002 Quiz 3 Review

Brick, porcelain, and ceramics (like tile) are made from ______ which is found in abundance in various places like Tunica Falls in Pond, Mississippi.

clay

Sheetrock (drywall) is made from ________ dug out of the earth as a mineral known as gypsum. The __________ in drywall is generally covered with paper which is made from ground up processed wood pulp (mostly made from trees).

calcium sulfate (all)

Plastic is made from petrochemicals originally acquired from _________ (_______) and/or ________.

petroleum (crude oil), coal

Asphalt, or blacktop used to make roads, is made from ____ residue left over from processing petroleum (crude oil) to make gasoline and petrochemical feedstocks.  Gravel (small stones) is normally added to this ____ when making roads.

tar

Glass is produced by melting ________ (silicon dioxide).  Plate (window) glass is produced by flowing melted ________ onto melted ________.  The melted glass (________) floats on top of the melted ________ forming perfectly flat bottom and top surfaces.  The glass is then cooled so that it solidifies while the ________ underneath is still liquid.  It is then rolled off of the liquid ________ .

sand, sand, tin, sand, tin, tin, tin

__________ is produced by mixing additives like iron oxide, sulfur, manganese, cobalt, copper oxide, nickel, and silver compounds with melted glass, forming (shaping) this mixture, and then letting it cool and harden.  

Colored glass

True or false?

Glass is a form of plastic produced from petroleum (crude oil).

False

________ is a type of glass that is exceptionally heat stable.  It is made by mixing diboron trioxide (B₂O₃) with with melted silicon dioxide (sand) and forming (shaping) and cooling (solidifying) this mixture.

Pyrex

____________ glass used in sunglasses which darken when exposed to sunlight, is made by mixing AgCl and CuCl with melted glass.  UV light from the sun is absorbed by chloride (Cl^–) in AgCl, which causes an electron to jump out of the chloride ion and be absorbed by silver ion (Ag⁺), generating a neutral, dark silver metal atom (Ag).  CuCl acts as a catalyst, regenerating clear ionic AgCl from dark atomic Ag and Cl.  The darkening process and the reverse clearing process happen simultaneously.  More intense solar UV radiation makes the darkening process more dominant relative to the clearing process, so _____________ lenses get darker in brighter sunlight and clear up when removed from sunlight.

Photochromic (all)

Greenhouse gas pollution is thought to be a situation which if allowed to continue unabated will eventually lead to an uncontrolled vicious cycle.  One of the reasons for this idea is the fact that an incredible amount of _______ gas is currently trapped as "hydrates" in very cold ocean water.  If this water warms up it is thought that some of this ________ will be released into the atmosphere, causing even more warming of this water (and more methane release, etc.), because _______ is a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

methane (all)

___'s (___________) used to be used to make refrigerators and air conditioners work.  These are no longer allowed to be used for these purposes.  Production of these was phased out starting in 1994 because when they are released into the air they work their way into the stratosphere and cause the destruction of stratospheric ozone.  Less commonly known is the fact that ___’s are also potent greenhouse gases.

CFC (chlorofluorocarbons), CFC

________ in the stratosphere (upper atmosphere) is good because it absorbs harmful UV radiation from the sun.  UV can give people skin cancer and macular degeneration.  ________ in the troposphere (ground-level atmosphere) is bad because it is a corrosive toxin which causes lung damage and other respiratory problems.

Ozone (all)

There are many gases which are known to absorb IR (infrared or "heat" radiation) and prevent heat from leaving the earth and radiating into space.  These are known as _________.  Among these are CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, and CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons).

greenhouse gases

In 1980 Congress authorized the creation of a toxic waste site cleanup fund commonly known as "_________" along with management authority delegated to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) after several places which had been used at one time to dump toxic chemical waste were found to be causing severe medical problems to residents living on top of or near these sites.

Superfund

Landfills designed to store hazardous chemical waste (hazardous waste landfills) are ______ tightly regulated and carefully constructed than landfills where municipal landfills (city garbage dumps) where household waste (garbage) is dumped.  Supposedly hazardous waste landfills are designed so that it is very difficult for waste stored in them to migrate into the environment.

more

One of the major problems associated with land-based pollution involves ________ in unsealed landfills (open garbage dumps).  ________ from these are washed by rainfall into rivers and thereby carried into our oceans where they cause problems for marine life.

plastics (all)

Much of the problem associated with pollution of land involves ______ pollution because rainwater leaches chemicals from landfills and farms (pesticides and herbicides for example) and these toxic chemicals can wind up in bodies of water that supply drinking water like water tables and rivers.

water

Pollution in the ___________ (the air that we breathe) is roughly placed into three main categories: photochemical pollution, industrial pollution, and greenhouse gas pollution.

troposphere

_______ pollution is caused by burning dirty sulfur-containing fuels with the release of _____ and _____ into the air.  _______ pollution can create acid rain.

Industrial, SO₂, SO₃, industrial

_________ pollution is caused by combustion of fuels which creates ___ and ___.  These two oxides of nitrogen are interconverted by a cyclical process which is driven by sunlight and which generates ozone, O₃, which is a corrosive toxin (poison).  When these nitrogen oxides mix with smoke and water vapor or fog they create what is known as a _________ smog, which can be reddish-brown in color due to the presence of NO₂.  _________ pollution can create acid rain.

Photochemical, NO, NO_2, Photochemical, Photochemical

The two layers of atmospheric air which we are currently concerned about polluting are the _________ (close to the ground containing the air that we breathe) and the __________ (the thin layer of air that is very approximately 6 - 30 miles above the ground).  Both of these layers can be polluted.

troposphere, stratosphere

True or false?

Concrete is a metallic substance made from iron ore.

False

True or false?

Concrete is made from petroleum.  It is an organic chemical.

False

True or false?

Concrete is made from asbestos.  It is heated to form a powder which when mixed with water solidifies making a hard white material known as cement.

False

Concrete is made from __________.  __________ is mostly calcium silicate (Ca₃SiO₅)  produced by mixing limestone (CaCO₃) with a source of very fine SiO₂ powder like clay or diatomaceous earth (sand is too coarse),  adding a small amount of other chemicals to improve the material properties of the final product, and heating this mixture to remove CO₂.  When water is added to __________ the water molecules react with the calcium silicate particles, binding them together in what is known as calcium silicate hydrate, a hard white solid.  This reaction releases heat.  Generally this solid is formed around supporting material like metal rods (rebar).  Sand and/or gravel is often added to the __________ with water before it is allowed to solidify.

Portland cement (all)

True or false?

Concrete is made from coal.  It is dug out of the ground from coal mines.

False

True of false?

Air is pure oxygen (O₂).

False

True or false?

Air is all oxygen and water vapor.

False

True or false?

Air is just oxygen (O₂) produced by plants and carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced by animals.

False

True or false?

Air is mostly oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, no other gases present.

False

Most air is about 78% _______ (___), 21% _______(___) and 1% other gases, mostly _______(___).  Occasionally it can contain as much as 4% _________.

nitrogen (N₂), oxygen (O₂), argon (Ar), water vapor

_________ pollution involves water that has some condition that makes it unfit for its normal natural purpose rather than water which contains chemicals other than pure water.  For example brackish (salty) water is polluted if it works its way into a water table where the water is used for drinking water, but salt water in an ocean is not considered polluted, because oceans are supposed to be salty.

Water

True or false?

Water which is returned to a natural body like a river or lake after it has been used to cool a reactor like a nuclear reactor can heat up that river or lake to the extent that the excess heat allows some harmful plant or animal to grow in this water which normally cannot live in this water if it is cooler.  This is not considered to be water pollution because pollution has to be associated with toxic chemicals rather than something nonchemical like heat.

False

Most of the air that we breathe is _______ (___).  Plants need ________ in the form of ammonia (NH₃) to produce amino acids to make proteins so that they can do needed biochemical reactions using these proteins as catalysts.  In order to turn ___ in the air into the NH₃ plants need this _______ to be "fixed."

nitrogen (N₂), nitrogen, N₂, nitrogen

Nitrogen in the air (N₂) can be "fixed" by ________ bacteria which live in the root nodules of a group of different kinds of plants known as legumes.  _________ bacteria use the enzyme nitrogenase to fix N₂ (convert it into NH₃ in the soil).

Rhizobium (all)

Rhizobium bacteria use the enzyme ___________ to carry out the following "nitrogen fixing" reaction: N₂ + 4 H₂O → 2 NH₃ + H₂ + 2 O₂. 

nitrogenase

___________ (NH₄NO₃) is a fertilizer which can be used to provide ammonia (NH₃) to soils which lack bacteria capable of carrying out nitrogen fixation.  If stored improperly ___________ can be explosive.

Ammonium nitrate (all)

Houses built on property where the soil contains uranium can have _____ gas seep into their basements.  According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) inhalation of _____ gas is the second leading cause of lung cancer (after smoking tobacco).

radon (all)

Small enough quantities of ___________ (___) can be decomposed (turned into N₂ and O₂) by denitrifying bacteria in soil limiting its harmfulness to plants.

nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)

______________ (___) in soil is harmful to plants. ____________ is released into the air by the combustion of fossil-fuel derived chemicals by humans, and can then work its way into the soil and be harmful to plants.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), Nitrogen dioxide

True or false?

Nitrogen oxides are unstable and therefore they cannot exist in soil.

False

_______(NO₃^–) can be converted into __________in plants for use in making enzymes without the help of soil bacteria.

Nitrate, ammonia

Nitrogen oxides in the air can be taken into the soil by rainfall as ____________.  ____________ can lower the pH of soil enough to be harmful to plants.

acid rain (all)

Brackish or salt water like ocean water can be turned into fresh water using _____________.

reverse osmosis

Residential water contaminated with organic chemicals or metals like lead can be treated using ___________.

carbon filtration

Primary and secondary treatment of residential wastewater involves screening out objects, aerating (bubbling air through) the water to give oxygen to _________ consuming biodegradable organic chemicals in the water, allowing the resulting sludge to settle, skimming clear water away from the sludge, and treating the resulting clear water with a disinfectant like chlorine or ozone to kill __________ before releasing the treated water into the environment.

bacteria (all)

True or false?

Boiling water not only kills bacteria it also removes heavy metals like lead in contaminated residential (home) water.

False

_________________ (radionuclides) can be removed from water contaminated with them by running the contaminated water through ion exchange resins.

Radioactive heavy metals

Water absorbs ____ light and therefore looks blue when a large amount of it is illuminated by white light like sunlight (it reflects much of what it doesn't absorb which are the colors at the blue end of the visible spectrum).

red

Water requires a ________ amount of heating or cooling to change its temperature.

large

Water facilitates the _________ of metals, like the rusting of iron.

oxidation

Water is unusual because the solid form (ice) is ______ dense (______) than the liquid form and therefore ice floats on top of liquid water.

less, lighter

Iron and aluminum are the two metals which are produced in the largest (weight) quantities currently by humans.  Both of these metals are naturally found as oxides.  Iron is produced from its oxide ores (mostly hematite and magnetite) with the use of _________, whereas aluminum cannot be reduced with __________, and is therefore produced by __________.  The fact that aluminum is more expensive that iron and even steel is due mainly to the fact that aluminum oxide ore (called bauxite) has to be melted and then __________ to produce aluminum metal.  This is far more expensive than melting and reducing iron ore with coke (_______).

carbon, carbon, electrolysis, electrolyzed, carbon

Iron, copper, zinc, tin, and lead are generally heated with _________ to reduce the metal ions in ores to elemental metals.

carbon

Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and silicon are generally reduced to their elemental forms after extraction from the earth and/or ocean using __________.

electrolysis

True or false?

Gold is more stable as elemental metal than in an oxidized ore form.  For this reason gold is cheaper by the ton than any other metal like, for example, iron.  Iron is way more expensive than gold.

False

Metals in compound form (like ores, rocks and minerals) have positive oxidation numbers.  They need to be reduced with electrons to convert them to the elemental form we are familiar with when we think of "metal."  Of the two main ways in which we can do this, heating with carbon and electrolysis, the _______ process is cheaper.  ________ is normally only used for more difficult metals where the _______ procedure will not work.

carbon, Electrolysis, carbon

Which sector is currently the largest consumer of fresh water in the U.S.?

a. Industry

b. Agriculture

c. Bottled water producers

d. Water parks

e. Consumers (home use)

b. Agriculture