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Abiotic
Substance not derived from a living thing. Ex: plastic
Acquired Trait
Developed during your life, such as reading, riding a bike
Allele
One of a number of alternative forms of the same gene
Amino Acids
Molecules that combine to form proteins
Analogous Structures
Features of different organisms with similar function but different structure
Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction where a single parent produces an exact replica
Asthenosphere
Upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere
Atmosphere
The envelope of gases surrounding the earth
Autosomal
Trait evenly distributed between females and males on a pedigree chart
Autotroph
Organism that produces its own food
Biodiversity
Number of different species of plants and animals in an area
Biome
Large, naturally occurring community of flora and fauna
Biotic
Organisms that are, or once were, living
Carbon Cycle
Continuous movement of carbon in abiotic and biotic environments
Cellular Respiration
Obtaining energy from breaking chemical bonds in nutrients
Chromatin
Lives in the nucleus; houses DNA containing genes
Commensalism
Relationship where one species benefits while the other is unaffected
Convection
Movement of fluid due to heat energy
Convergent Boundary
Area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide
Crust
Outermost layer of the earth; rigid and rocky
Diploid
Symbolized as 2n; has 23 pairs of chromosomes
Divergent Boundary
Occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; contains genetic information
Dominant Allele
Expressed in the phenotype when only one is present
Ovum (Egg)
Female reproductive structure contained in the ovaries
Eukaryote
Organism with genetic material contained in a distinct nucleus
Evolution
Changes in genetic material of a population over time
Extinct
Having no living members of the same species
Fertilization
When sperm penetrates the egg, combining genetic material
Food Web
Network of food chains passing energy and nutrients
Fossil Record
History of life as documented by fossils
Frequency
Number of waves passing a fixed place in a given time
Gametes
Sex cells containing genes for offspring
Gene
Section of DNA strand coding for specific traits
Genetic Engineering
Laboratory process altering DNA of an organism
Genetics
Study of heredity and transmission of characteristics
Genotype
Overall genetic makeup of an individual
Geosphere
Portion of Earth including interior and surface rocks
Germ Cell
Haploid cell containing half the chromosomes
Groundwater
Water beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil
Haploid
Sex cells with half the chromosomes as body cells
Heredity
Passing genetic traits from parent to offspring
Heterotroph
Organism unable to make its own food
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for the same trait
Homologous Structures
Organs suggesting connections to a common ancestor
Homozygous
Both genes are identical for a particular trait
Human Genome Project
Research project determining human DNA base pairs
Hybrid
Organism with heterozygous alleles for traits
Hydrosphere
All water covering the earth
Infiltration
Process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil
Innate Trait
Characteristic an organism is born with
Inner Core
Innermost layer of the earth; solid metal state
Monera
Kingdom consisting of bacteria
Lithosphere
Cool, rigid outermost layer of Earth
Mantle
Largest layer of Earth; where convection currents occur
Medium
Substance in which a wave travels
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction in sex cells resulting in daughter cells with half the parent chromosomes
Gregor Mendel
Austrian monk known as the 'Father of modern genetics'
Multicellular Organism
An organism composed of many cells, such as animals, plants, and fungi
Mutation
A change in a gene leading to a new inheritable trait
Mutualism
A relationship between animals where both species benefit
Natural Disaster
A phenomenon with potential negative effects on humans and animals
Natural Selection
Process where better-adapted organisms tend to survive and reproduce
Hierarchy of Biological Organization (NCDGP)
Nucleus, Chromosome, DNA, Gene, Protein - largest to smallest
Nucleic Acid
Organic molecules with a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate
outer core
Fluid layer containing liquid iron and nickel
Parasitism
Relationship where one species benefits while harming the other
Phenotype
Observable appearance of a trait or individual
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy to chemical energy in plants
Probability
Extent to which something is likely to happen
Prokaryote
Microscopic single-celled organism lacking a distinct nucleus
Protein
Chemical building blocks made of amino acids in cells
Inheritance
Production of offspring with genetic information from two parents
Somatic Cell
Any cell in an organism except reproductive cells
Speciation
Formation of a new species through natural selection
Testes
Male reproductive structure containing sperm
Subduction Zone
Collision of tectonic plates where one plate sinks into the mantle
Succession
Gradual change and development of ecosystems over time
Watershed
Area where all surface water converges to a single point
Variant
Different or distinct form or version of something
Identical
Exactly alike in every detail
Anatomy
Relating to bodily structure and body parts
Continental Crust
Older, thicker, and less dense part of Earth's crust forming landmasses
Density
Measure of how heavy something is compared to its size
Neutral Mutation
DNA sequence changes neither beneficial nor harmful
Beneficial Mutation
DNA sequence changes leading to advantageous traits
Harmful Mutation
DNA sequence changes causing detrimental effects
P Waves
Mechanical waves from earthquakes causing less damage
S Waves
Transverse waves from earthquakes causing more damage
Ultraviolet Radiation
High-energy electromagnetic radiation present in sunlight
X-Rays
High-energy electromagnetic waves passing through materials
Infrared Radiation
Electromagnetic waves emitted by heated objects
Microwaves
Electromagnetic waves used in radars, communication, and heating
Visible Light
Segment of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye
Radio Waves
Electromagnetic waves used for long-distance communication
Mitosis
reproduction of non-sex cells where the daughter cells produced have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells
Non renewable resources
sources that run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes.
Nucleus
found inside a cell, houses chromosomes
Phenotype
The observable appearance of a trait or the overall appearance of an individual.
Photosynthesis
converting light energy to the chemical energy of food in plants