Comprehensive Chemistry Review: Atomic Structure, Bonding, and Reactions

Which is a pure substance?

Helium

Which is a physical change?

Sublimation (dry ice)

Which has 3 significant figures?

0.00702

Sig figs in 4.200 × 5.21

3

Correct conversion

1 km = 1000 m

Who discovered the nucleus?

Rutherford

Who discovered neutrons?

Chadwick

Mass number equals?

Protons + neutrons

19 protons, 20 neutrons

³⁹K

Isotope with most neutrons

¹⁴N

Ion with 18 electrons

Cl⁻

Speed of light equation

c = λν

Photon energy increases when

Frequency increases

Highest energy EM wave

Ultraviolet

Quantum number n

Main energy level

l = 2

d orbital

ml describes

Orbital orientation

Orbitals in d subshell

5

Electron config of N

1s²2s²2p³

Pauli violation

3 electrons in one orbital

Atomic radius trend

Increases down

Ionization energy trend

Increases up/right

Most electronegative element

F

Which is ionic

NaCl

Charge in CaCl₂

Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻

Name N₂O₄

Dinitrogen tetraoxide

Shape of CO₂

Linear

Which is polar

H₂O

Strongest IMF in NH₃

Hydrogen bonding

Molar mass Ca(OH)₂

74.1 g/mol

Moles in 22.0 g CO₂

0.500 mol

Limiting reactant (H₂ + O₂)

O₂

Moles H₂O formed

3.00 mol

Molarity 0.250 mol/0.500 L

0.500 M

Ideal gas law

PV = nRT

Boyle's law

P ∝ 1/V

Charles' law

V ∝ T

STP molar volume

22.4 L

Exothermic ΔH

Negative

Endothermic ΔH

Positive

Not a state function

Work

Empirical formula 40%C 6.7%H 53.3%O

CH₂O

Molecular formula CH₂O (180 g/mol)

C₆H₁₂O₆

Moles AlCl₃ from 4.50 mol Al

4.50 mol

Mass AlCl₃ from 4.50 mol

600 g

Molarity NaCl solution

0.200 M

Dilution formula

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

Strong electrolyte

HCl

Precipitate AgNO₃ + NaCl

AgCl

Net ionic equation

Ag⁺ + Cl⁻ → AgCl

Oxidized species (Na + Cl₂)

Na

Oxidizing agent

Cl₂

Oxidation state S in H₂SO₄

+6

Volume change gas (temp ↑)

Increases

Pressure change gas (volume ↓)

Increases

Most molecules (gas)

Largest volume

Moles gas PV=nRT

~1 atm scenario

Partial pressure formula

P = X × Ptotal

Heat equation

q = mcΔT

Endothermic effect

Surroundings cool

Hydrogen bonding occurs

With N, O, F

Only London forces

CO₂

Largest atomic radius

Na

Highest ionization energy

N

CH₄ bonding/lone pairs

4 bonding, 0 lone

NH₃ shape

Trigonal pyramidal

Most polar bond

O-H

Ionic compounds conduct

When molten

Neutralization reaction

Acid + base → salt + water

Theoretical yield

100% conversion assumed