Topic 4: Social Psychology, Personality, Motivation, and Emotion

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering AP Psychology Topic 4: Social Psychology, Personality, Motivation, and Emotion, based on the provided lecture notes.

Topic ________ is titled Attribution Theory and Person Perception.

$$4.1$$

Attribution theory applies to ________ and mental processes.

behavior

________ attribution explains behavior through internal characteristics.

Dispositional

Dispositional attribution explains behavior through ________ characteristics.

internal

________ attribution blames external circumstances for behavior.

Situational

Situational attribution blames ________ circumstances.

external

An ________ explanatory style interprets negative events as temporary.

optimistic

In an optimistic explanatory style, negative events are viewed as ________.

temporary

An optimistic style views negative events as external and ________.

specific

Optimistic explanatory styles foster resilience and ________.

action

A ________ explanatory style views bad events as permanent.

pessimistic

Pessimistic styles interpret negative events as ________, internal, and universal.

permanent

Pessimistic explanatory styles can lead to ________ and depression.

helplessness

The difference between an optimistic and pessimistic style involves how events are interpreted as either ________ or permanent.

temporary

Optimistic styles view negative events as ________, while pessimistic styles view them as internal.

external

Optimistic styles interpret negative events as ________, while pessimistic styles see them as universal.

specific

Locus of ________ can be internal or external.

control

________ perception applies to behavior and mental processes.

Person

The ________ exposure effect influences how much someone likes something else.

mere

The ________ prophecy is the concept of a person's expectations causing them to come true.

self-fulfilling

Social ________ leads to relative deprivation.

comparison

Social comparison leads to ________ deprivation.

relative

The mere exposure effect suggests that the ________ you are exposed to something, the more you like it.

more

Topic ________ is titled Attitude Formation and Attitude Change.

$$4.2$$

Stereotypes and ________ attitudes contribute to prejudice and discrimination.

implicit

Prejudice and ________ are behaviors and mental processes influenced by stereotypes.

discrimination

A ________ is a generalized belief about a person based on their group membership.

stereotype

Stereotypes can be ________ helpful.

evolutionarily

Stereotypes can lead to ________ attitudes.

prejudiced

Stereotypes can lead to ________ behaviors.

discriminatory

________ attitudes are attitudes that are unconscious or not openly expressed.

Implicit

The ________ phenomenon exacerbates discrimination and prejudice.

just-world

Discrimination is exacerbated by ________ homogeneity bias.

out-group

Prejudice is exacerbated by ________ bias.

in-group

________ is a term used for the belief that one's own culture is superior.

Ethnocentrism

Belief-________ applies to attitude formation and change.

perseverance

Cognitive ________ applies to how attitudes are formed or changed.

dissonance

________ is different from confirmation bias.

Belief-perseverance

Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a ________ between attitudes and behaviors.

conflict

Belief-perseverance is the tendency to stick to a belief even after it has been ________.

discredited

Topic ________ is titled Psychology of Social Situations.

$$4.3$$

Social ________ affect behavior and mental processes.

norms

There is a difference between ________ social influence and informational social influence.

normative

Normative social influence and ________ social influence are two types of social influence.

informational

There are two routes to ________: central and peripheral.

persuasion

The ________ route to persuasion uses logic and facts.

central

The ________ route to persuasion uses emotional cues or celebrity endorsements.

peripheral

The ________ effect falls under the peripheral route of persuasion.

halo

The ________ technique starts with a small request to get a larger one later.

foot-in-the-door

The ________ technique starts with a large request that is rejected to get a smaller one.

door-in-the-face

Solomon ________ conducted a conformity experiment.

Asch

Stanley ________ conducted an obedience experiment.

Milgram

A collectivist culture is different from an ________ culture.

individualistic

Group ________ occurs when a group's discussion strengthens its prevailing opinion.

polarization

________ is a mode of thinking where the desire for harmony overrides realistic appraisal.

Groupthink

Diffusion of ________ occurs when individuals feel less responsible in a group.

responsibility

Social ________ is the tendency for people to put less effort in when working in a group.

loafing

________ is the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations.

Deindividuation

Social ________ is improved performance on tasks in the presence of others.

facilitation

The ________ effect is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs.

false consensus

________ goals can improve relationships among different people.

Superordinate

Social ________ are situations where individuals acting in self-interest harm the collective good.

traps

The abbreviation for industrial-organizational psychologists is ________.

I/O

________ behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others.

Prosocial

________ is the unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Altruism

The social ________ norm is the expectation that people will help those who have helped them.

reciprocity

The social ________ norm is the expectation that people will help those who need help.

responsibility

The ________ effect is the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help when others are present.

bystander

Topic ________ is titled Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theories of Personality.

$$4.4$$

The ________ perspective focuses on how the unconscious defines personality.

psychodynamic

________ is an ego defense mechanism where one refuses to accept reality.

Denial

________ is an ego defense mechanism where emotions are redirected to a safer target.

Displacement

________ is an ego defense mechanism where one attributes their own qualities to others.

Projection

________ is an ego defense mechanism where one provides a logical excuse for unacceptable behavior.

Rationalization

Reaction ________ is a defense mechanism where one acts the opposite of their true feelings.

formation

________ is an ego defense mechanism where one returns to an earlier stage of development.

Regression

________ is an ego defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness.

Repression

________ is an ego defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into productive activities.

Sublimation

A ________ test is used to assess personality by having subjects interpret ambiguous stimuli.

projective

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a ________ test.

projective

The humanistic theory emphasizes ________ positive regard.

unconditional

The ________ tendency is the humanistic concept of striving to fulfill one's potential.

self-actualizing

Topic ________ is titled Social-Cognitive and Trait Theories of Personality.

$$4.5$$

________ determinism is the social-cognitive idea that behavior, environment, and traits interact.

Reciprocal

Self-________ is one's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.

efficacy

Self-________ is an individual's overall sense of self-worth.

esteem

Self-________ is the set of beliefs someone has about themselves.

concept

A ________ is a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act.

personality

There are ________ big personality traits.

$$5$$

________ analysis is a statistical procedure used to identify clusters of traits.

Factor

Topic ________ is titled Motivation.

$$4.6$$

Drive-________ theory suggests that physiological needs create drive that motivates behavior.

reduction

________ theory suggests that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness.

Arousal

Self-________ theory focuses on the importance of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

determination

________ theory suggests that external rewards motivate behavior.

Incentive

In non-human animals, ________ are complex, unlearned behaviors.

instincts

________-approach conflict is choosing between two desirable options.

Approach

Avoidance-________ conflict is choosing between two undesirable options.

avoidance

Approach-________ conflict involves a single goal that has both pluses and minuses.

avoidance

________-seeking theory suggests people are motivated to have varied and novel experiences.

Sensation