Renal

Stage 1 Acute Kidney Injury

GFR >90, within normal ranges but with signs of kidney damage.

Stage 2 Acute Kidney Injury

GFR 60-89, slightly reduced kidney function with signs of kidney damage.

Stage 3 Acute Kidney Injury

GFR 30-59, moderately reduced kidney function.

Stage 4 Acute Kidney Injury

GFR 15-29, severely reduced kidney function.

Stage 5 Acute Kidney Injury

Very severe or end-stage kidney failure.

Common nursing diagnoses in Acute Kidney Injury

Hypovolemia, hypotension, reduced cardiac output, obstruction of kidney, and heart failure.

Nephrotoxic drugs

Drugs that can damage the kidneys, such as aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, and contrast agents.

Signs of Acute Kidney Injury

Changes in urinary habits, decreased or increased urine output, and bloody or foamy urine.

Treatment for Acute Kidney Injury

Adequate hydration.

Role of Erythropoietin in kidneys

Stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.

Epoetin alfa

Synthetic erythropoietin used to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Signs and symptoms of peritonitis

Cloudy dialysate effluent, diffuse abdominal pain, and rebound tenderness.

Priority assessments for fistulas/AV grafts

Check daily for thrill and bruit, and observe for signs of infection.

Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology

Kidney disease or decrease in GFR lasting more than 3 months.

Integumentary manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease

Gray-bronze skin, dry and itchy skin.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation or damage to portions of the glomerulus.

Signs and symptoms of Glomerulonephritis

Proteinuria, azotemia, and hematuria.

Treatment interventions for Glomerulonephritis

Symptom management, corticosteroids, hypertension control, and proteinuria management.

Etiology of Acute Glomerulonephritis

Autoimmune disorders like lupus or infections such as streptococcus.

Dialyzer

An artificial kidney used to filter blood during dialysis.

Dialysate

Fluid made up of electrolytes used in dialysis.

Advantages of Hemodialysis

Rapid fluid removal, minimal protein loss, and effective potassium removal.

Disadvantages of Hemodialysis

Vascular access problems, scheduled appointments, and potential blood loss.

Peritoneal Dialysis process

Involves instilling dialysate, allowing it to dwell, and then draining it.

Advantages of Peritoneal Dialysis

Less complicated, portable, and can be done at home.

Disadvantages of Peritoneal Dialysis

Protein loss, risk of infection, and potential migration of the catheter.

Signs of kidney transplant rejection

Oliguria, edema, fever, and weight gain.

Ideal candidates for kidney transplantation

Must match ABO and HLA blood types.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A genetic disorder causing fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys.

Risk factors for developing kidney disease

Include various conditions leading to decreased kidney function.

Azotemia

An abnormal amount of nitrogenous wastes in the blood.