PPL Prog Check 1 Performance and Limitations
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108 Terms
What are the four forces of flight?
Thrust, lift, drag, and weight
What are the primary flight controls?
Ailerons, elevator, and rudder.
What do the ailerons control?
Controls roll
What axes of rotation are the ailerons on?
Longitudinal rotation
What does the rudder control?
Yaw
What axes of rotation is the rudder on?
Vertical
What type of stability does the rudder provide?
Directional
What type of stability do the ailerons provide?
Lateral
What does the elevator control?
Pitch
What axes of rotation are the elevators on?
Lateral rotation
What type of stability does the elevator provide?
Longitudinal
What are the secondary flight controls?
Flaps, leading edge, spoilers, and trim systems
How is lift created based on Newtons 3rd law?
Airfoils accelerate airflow downward. The equal and opposite reaction forces the airfoil upward.
How is lift created based on Bernoulli’s principle?
High speed air over the upper surface creates low pressure area over the wing and higher pressure underneath.
What are the types of parasite drag?
Form drag, skin friction drag, and interference drag.
What are the two types of drag?
Induced and parasite drag.
What is form drag caused by?
It is caused by the shape of the aircraft and the airflow around it.
What contributes to form drag?
Anything that sticks out from the fuselage, as well as the fuselage.
What is skin friction drag caused by?
It is caused by air slowing down as it moves across the surface of the aircraft.
What contributes to skin friction drag?
Rivets, dirt, or anything that makes the surface less smooth.
What is interference drag caused by?
It is caused by intersecting airstreams from different parts of the aircraft.
What is induced drag?
A byproduct of lift that decreases with speed.
When is induced drag created?
When the airflow spills over the wingtips, creating wingtip vortices.
What happens when the angle of attack is increased?
A portion of the wing’s lift vector is angled backwards, creating induced drag.
What is the airspeed where induced and parasite drag meet?
Vg - best glide speed.
What is the leading edge of an airfoil?
The front of the wing.
What is the trailing edge of an airfoil?
The back or end of the wing.
What is the mean camber line of an airfoil?
An imaginary line through the wing that seperates the high and low pressure surfaces of the wing.
What is the chord line of an airfoil?
An imaginary line through the wing connecting the leading and trailing edge of the wing.
What is the camber of the wing?
The curvature of the wing.
Can we change the camber of the wing?
It can be changed by extending/retracting the flaps.
What is the angle of incidence?
The angle between the wing chord line and the fuselage.
Can the angle of incidence be changed?
It cannot be changed.
What is center of gravity?
The point where the aircraft is balanced, or where entire weight is concentrated.
What would the cruise speed be with a forward CG?
Lower cruise speed.
What would the stall speed be with a forward CG?
Higher stall speed.
What would the stability be with a forward CG?
More stable
What would the stall recovery be with a forward CG?
More favorable stall recovery
What would the cruise speed with an aft CG?
Higher cruise speed
What would the stability be with an aft CG?
Less stable
What would the stall recovery be with an aft CG?
Adverse stall recovery
What is a forward CG?
A nose heavy condition.
How do you maintain level flight attitude with a forward CG?
More back pressure.
What is an aft CG?
When the weight of the plane is in the back.
What is stability of an aircraft?
How easily the aircraft pitches, yaws, or rolls.
What causes a wing to stall?
Anytime the critical angle of attack is exceeded.
What does a higher temprature cause?
Less dense air.
How does less dense air affect the wings and propeller?
Less dense air exerts less force, making them less efficent and depriving the engine of power.
How does less dense air effect perrformance?
Leads to longer takeoff rolls and decreased climb performance.
How does higher weight effect performance?
Leads to longer takeoff rolls and increased landing distance.
Why does higher weight effect performance?
Because more engine power is needed to accelerate a heavy aircraft, and more braking power to slow the aircraft down.
What are the different types of airspeeds?
Indicated, Calibrated, True, and Ground.
What is IAS?
Indicated airspeed.
What is CAS?
Calibrated airspeed.
How is CAS different from IAS?
Calibrated airspeed is IAS corrected for instrument/position/installation error.
What is TAS?
True airspeed.
How is TAS different from CAS?
TAS is calibrated airspeed corrected for non-standard tempreature and pressure.
When is TAS and CAS equal?
In standard atmosphere and at sea level.
What are the different types of altitudes?
Indicated, pressure, density, true, and absolute.
What is indicated altitude?
Altitude read off the altimeter with appropriate setting.
What is pressure altitude?
The vertical distance above the standard datum plane.
What is the standard datum plane?
A theoretical plane where sea level pressure exists.
How can you find the standard datum plane?
By setting the Kollsman window to 29.92
What is density altitude?
Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard tempreature.
What is true altitude?
The vertical distance above sea level.
What is absolute altitude?
Vertical distance above terrain.
What factors affect air density?
Heat, height, and humidity.
How does warm air effect air density?
Warm air is expanded, less densely packed air.
How does height effect air density?
Air at higher altiudes is less dense, air molecules are not close together.
How does humidity effect air density?
Water molecules take up more room and spread out the air molecules.
What is the maximum ramp weight for a Cessna 152?
1675 LBS
What is the maximum takeoff weight for a Cessna 152?
1670 LBS
What is “ramp weight”?
Maximum weight approved for ground manuvers.
What is “takeoff weight”?
Maximum weight approved for a takeoff run.
How does headwind effect takeoff and landing?
Decreases takeoff and landing roll.
How does tailwind effect takeoff and landing?
Increases takeoff and landing roll.
What type of gas does a Cessna 152 take?
100 low lead aviation gasoline.
What color is 100LL?
Blue.
How much oes one gallon of 100LL weight?
6 LBS.
Define VSO.
Stalling speed in landing configuration.
What is the VSO speed for a Cessna 152?
35 KIAS.
Define VS1.
Stalling speed in specified configuration.
Define Vy.
Best rate of climb.
Define Vx.
Best angle of climb.
Define Vfe.
Maximum flap extended speed.
Define VNO.
Maxmium structural cruising speed.
Define Vs.
Stalling speed in the clean configuration.
Define Va.
Manuvering speed.
Define Vne.
Never exceed speed.
What is the Vs speed for a Cessna 152?
40 KIAS
What is the Vr speed for a Cessna 152?
50 KIAS.
Define Vr.
The speed at which you begin your climb during takeoff.
What is Vx speed for a Cessna 152?
54 KIAS
What is the Vy speed for a Cessna 152?
67 KIAS
What is the Vfe speed for a Cessna 152?
85 KIAS.
What is the Vg speed for a Cessna 152?
60 KIAS.
What is the Va speed for a Cessna 152?
93 to 104 KIAS.
What is the Vne speed for a Cessna 152?
149 KIAS.
When would you want to climb at Vx?
When wanting to clear an obstacle.
When would you want to climb at Vy?
When wanting to gain the most altitude in the shortest amount of time.