Pharmacology of Hypertension, Hypotension, Dysrhythmias, CAD, and Heart Failure

This collection of flashcards covers important pharmacologic concepts related to the treatment of hypertension, hypotension, dysrhythmias, coronary artery disease, and heart failure.

What are the effects of ACE inhibitors on afterload and heart rate?

They decrease afterload and do not affect heart rate.

What is the common adverse effect associated with ACE inhibitors?

Cough, angioedema, and hyperkalemia.

What should patients avoiding ACE inhibitors due to pregnancy do?

They should definitely not take this medication.

What do Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARBs) do to afterload?

They decrease afterload.

What is the main action of beta blockers?

They decrease heart rate, contraction, and conduction.

Why should a nonselective beta blocker not be given to a patient with asthma?

It can cause bronchoconstriction.

What is the purpose of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blockers?

To inhibit the SNS and dilate blood vessels.

What is a common side effect of alpha-1 blockers?

First dose phenomenon leading to orthostatic hypotension.

What is the function of calcium channel blockers?

They decrease afterload by vasodilation of peripheral vasculature.

What should be avoided when taking calcium channel blockers?

Grapefruit juice.

What is the action of diuretics in treating hypertension?

They decrease preload.

What is a common side effect of loop diuretics?

Hypokalemia.

How do direct-acting vasodilators work?

They decrease afterload.

What is a critical aspect of monitoring in patients receiving vasopressors?

Monitor vital signs and urine output.

What is the purpose of anticoagulants?

To prevent blood clots.

What happens in arterial versus venous thrombosis?

Arterial thrombosis is usually related to atherosclerosis; venous thrombosis is related to venous stasis.

What are common adverse effects of all anticoagulants?

Bleeding is the primary concern.

What is the main goal of antianginal therapy?

To reduce the heart's demand and increase oxygen supply.

How does digoxin function in treating heart failure?

It increases contractility and decreases heart rate.

What should be monitored in a patient on digoxin?

Check the apical pulse and monitor potassium levels.

What is a key sign of digoxin toxicity?

Yellow-green halos around lights.

What are common symptoms of left-sided heart failure?

Tachypnea, dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles.