Human Body Systems Final

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All nerves in the body

Cerebrum

Refers to all four lobes of the brain

4 lobes of the brain

Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe

Frontal Lobe

Behavior and personality, planning, voluntary muscle movements, mood, emotions, social interactions, and attention 

Temporal Lobe

Processing smell and sound, language understanding

Parietal Lobe

Sensing touch, temperature, pressure, and pain, spatial processing, language, and memory

Occipital Lobe

Visual Perception

Cerebellum

Muscular coordination and balance

Pons

Breathing and sleeping/waking

Medulla Oblongata

Blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate

Corpus Callosum

Communication between the hemispheres of the brain

Hypothalamus

Coordinates the autonomic nervous system, the pituitary gland, body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, and emotion

Hippocampus

Long-term memory

Gyri

ridges of the brain

Sulci

Valleys between the ridges of the brain

Glial Cells

cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons.

Afferent Neurons

send signals to the brain

Interneurons

send signals within the brain/spinal cord

Efferent Neurons

send signals to muscles

Sodium-Potassium Pump

uses ATP to move 3 SODIUM (Na+) ions out of the cell and 2 Potassium (K+) ions into the cell to maintain resting potential.

Depolarization

SODIUM (Na+) channels are open, and Potassium (K+) channels close

Repolarization

Potassium (K+) channels are open, and SODIUM (Na+) channels close. 

What is neuron resting membrane potential?

-70 mV

Acetylcholine

Involved in muscle contraction, learning, and memory. 

Dopamine

Plays a role in pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory, and movement. 

GABA

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system; essential for signal regulation and normal brain function

Glutamate

The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, present in more than 90% of all brain synapses. 

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Excitatory neurotransmitters that play a role in the fight-or-flight response, to increase arousal and attention.

Seratonin

Involved in regulation of mood and sleep; also aids in digestion.

Agonist

binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response

Antagonist

binds to a receptor and blocks the activation of the receptor.

Inverse Agonist

binds to a receptor and has the opposite effect to that of an agonist.

Reuptake inhibitor

blocks the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse.

reflex

An automatic response to a stimulus that doesn’t reach the level of consciousness.

reaction

A thoughtful response to external stimuli in which the brain processes the nerve impulse before reacting.

Testes

Produces testosterone

Ovaries

Produces estrogen and progesterone

Pancreas

Regulates blood sugar levels

Thymus

Allows T-cells to mature and finish developing

Adrenal Glands

Regulates sodium levels, fight or flight response, and cortisol levels.

Thyroid Gland

Growth and development, metabolism, and nervous system development.

Pituitary Gland

Acts on reproductive glands, thyroid regulation, milk production, growth, and regulates the adrenal glands

Hypothalamus

Responsible for stimulating the pituitary gland via hormones and nerve impulses.

Pineal Gland

Regulates sleep/wake cycles (melatonin)

endocrine system

a group of GLANDS that release HORMONES, which are chemical signals that travel through the BLOODSTREAM and bind to TARGET CELLS/RECEPTORS

Artery

Typically carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, have Thicker walls, are made of more smooth muscle, and are more pressurized.

Vein

Typically carries deoxygenated blood to the heart, is not pressurized, has thinner walls, and contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

Capiliarries

very small and thin, they can form a web with high surface area to allow for efficient gas exchange. They carry blood at low pressure, so they do not need muscular walls, have walls that are only one cell thick and are permeable-allowing gasses to diffuse between cells and vessels

Systolic pressure

the pressure in the arteries when the heart undergoes systole: the heart contracts to PUMP blood through the ARTERIES/BODY

Diastolic Pressure

the pressure in the arteries when the heart undergoes diastole: the heart is at REST, allowing the chambers to fill with BLOOD

Sphygmomanometer

the tool with which you manually measure blood pressure

Normal blood pressure

>120 / 80

elevated blood pressure

120-129 / >80

Hypertension stage 1

130-139 / 80-89

Hypertension stage 2

< 140 / <90

hypertensive crisis

< 180 / < 120

cardiac output

a measure of how much BLOOD is pumped by both ventricles in a time frame of one MINUTE

heart rate

a count of how many times the heart BEATS in the time frame of one MINUTE. It is measured as BEATS PER MINUTE. 

Stroke Volume

the amount of blood being pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat. On average, it is stable at 75 mL/beat

Cardiac output Formula

heart rate x stroke volume

ankle-brachial index

ankle systolic pressure /

Peripheral Artery Disease

plaque builds up in the arteries, causing them to become narrow, and making it harder for blood to move through the body, especially the arms and legs

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

commonly causes peripheral artery disease. It is a buildup of plaque in blood vessels

heart arrhythmia

irregular heartbeat caused when the electrical signals that coordinate the heart’s beat misfire 

Upper Respiratory Tract

Air is pulled in through the nostrils, into the nasal cavity, and down the pharynx into the larynx

Lower respiratory tract

air moves through the trachea and into the bronchi. From here, air enters the bronchioles and alveoli. In the alveoli, gas exchange occurs between the lungs and bloodstream.

Spirometry

medical testing used to test lung capacity

sepsis

The body’s immune system overreacts to an infection causing inflammation

severe sepsis

Organs in the body begin to malfunction, blood pressure is low, and inflammation continues. 

septic shock

Extremely low blood pressure that does not respond to IV fluids 

TIME acronym for Sepsis

Temperature

Infection

Mental decline

Extremely ill

prion

These infectious proteins cause normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally. 

virus

they infect cells and take over the host cells’ protein synthesis processes

bacteria

can invade cells, cause tissue damage, and produce harmful toxins. 

protist

infect the digestive tract, blood, or organs of the body depriving a host of essential nutrients found in food. They can also cause tissue and organ damage. 

helminth

worms that deprive the host of essential nutrients found in food and can cause tissue and organ damage. 

fungi

occurs when spores/reproductive cells are inhaled by a host, resulting in infection.

Lymph nodes

bean shaped organs found along vessels that receive and filter lymph fluid before it is distributed to blood

afferent vessels

carry unfiltered lymph into the node

efferent vessels

carry filtered lymph out of the node

Inate immunity

non-specific immune defense mechanisms that people are born with.

acquired immunity

Specific immune defense mechanisms. This type of immunity

 is acquired over a lifetime-has two forms

tubular reabsorption

movement of substances from the tubular fluid of the nephron back into the blood.  

tubular secretion

movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid of the nephron. 

filtration

Blood is filtered in the glomerulus and the remaining filtrate collects in Bowman's capsule, which continues into the proximal convoluted tubule.

reabsorption

Filtrate flows through the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. Reabsorption of water and solutes occurs.

secretion

Removes unneeded materials from the bloodstream.

creatinine

A byproduct of a chemical compound called creatine.

creatine

An amino acid that helps to maintain a continuous supply of energy to your muscles. As muscles use it, it exits your body as a waste product in urine.  

cytastatin C

A protein that slows down the breakdown of other proteins so that they can stay in the body longer. This protein plays a role in growth hormone production, bone metabolism, and potentially acts to prevent brain damage.

restriction enzyme

degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at these sequences called restriction sites 

salivary glands

Secrete saliva to begin digestion

oral cavity

entry point for food

pharynx

muscular tube in throat region connecting mouth to esophagus

esophagus

long muscular tube connects pharynx to stomach

liver

produces bile to aid in fat digestion

stomach

muscular organ that mixes and breaks down food with digestive juices

gallbladder

small sac that stores and release bile

Sm intestine: (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) where most nutrient absorption occurs