Expansion and Conflicts

TX, Mexicon, and Road to civil war

What did Spain build in Spanish Texas (1689-1821)

Missions, presidios (fortifications) , & settlements

How many Spanish residents in Spanish Texas

Fewer than 8,000

What did Spanish residents fear in Spanish America

Attacks from Native Americans

Trade Impact of Mexico Independance

• Trade opportunities between Mexico’s northern provinces and the US grew. 

• Eased trade restrictions + made trade with the US more attractive than trade between other sectors of mexico

Native American after Mexico independance

• Native American groups continued to threaten Mexican settlements in New Mexico and TX

  • So, the Mex gov began to look for ways to strengthen ties between Mexico City and the north provinces.

What did Mexico realize after becoming independant

Owning a vast territory did not necessarily mean controlling it. 

What did Mexico combine TX with to form ____

(Mexican) Texas with Coahuila to form a new state called Coahuila y Tejas

What were Mexican Settlers called in Mexican Texas (1821-1836)

Tejanos

New Spain allowed American immigration (T/F)

F

Mexico encouraged American immigration (T/F) (Why or Why not?)

T - wanted to protect the territory from Native Americans

What did Mexico hope Americans would become?

  Loyal Mexican citizens

By 1830, _____ Americans arrived in TX

20,000 (American settlers soon surpassed the population of Tejanos)

What were English speaking settlers known as?

Anglos

How did Mexico get Americans to immigrate? What was the deal?

• Offered large land grants called empresarios. (Very Cheap)

• Americans pledge to obey Mexico’s laws (no slavery), observe Catholicism, and speak Spanish

Who had the most successful land grant

Stephen Austin

Who had offered to buy TX?

JQA and Andrew Jackson

• Mexico _______ American immigration in 1830 and then _____ the law in 1833

Outlawed/Repealed

In what ways did the Anglo not follow Mexican laws

• Majority of immigrants were Southerners, some of whom brought slaves

• Were often Protestant

• spoke only English

Mexican President

Santa Anna

What did Santa Anna do that helped start the TX revolution

Revoked local powers in Texas

Reasons Texans used to rebel

• Wanted to extend slavery

• Lack of self government, religion, and education

• Racism - Felt Anglos and Tejanos could not live together

• Didn’t like Texas Laws

Battle of San Jacinto

• A rebel force of Texans battled the Mexican army and won independence

• They defeated Santa Anna (Forced to sign Treaties of Velasco)

   

Independant TX was known as…

The Lone Star Republic

How long was TX an independent country?

A decade

How did other countries view the forced treaty signings by Santa Anna?

• Mexico did not acknowledge it

• European countries did not recognize it

• US debated recognizing it

Arguments for Texas annexation

3 - It is the U.S.’ destiny to grow

4 - Opening new markets, natural boundries, and resources that come from that area.

2 - Would help protect Texas’ during war with Mexico from bloodshed

 

Arguments against Texas annexation

Would have to absorb Texas’ debt (Cannot afford 10 mil).

Unconstitutional (Not necessary or proper)

Create slave state imbalance in congress Also could cause war with Mexico and it’s allies.

Alamo Causes

• Austin had unsuccessfully argued with Santa Anna for self-gov for Texas, 

• To force TX to obey laws he established

Alamo Events

• Santa Anna marched to San Antonio with a 4,000-member army.

  • 1835, Texans attack. Drove Mexican forces from the Alamo (an abandoned mission and fort)

  •  In response, Santa Anna went north & destroyed the small American garrison in the Alamo.

Alamo Results

• All 187 U.S. defenders died

• Hundreds of Mexicans perished.

• Only ppl spare - few woman + children 

6 weeks after the Alamo…

• TX struck back. 

  • Defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.

  • Shouted: “Remember the Alamo!” 

  • TX killed 630 soldiers in 18 minutes & captured Santa Anna.

  • Set Santa Anna free after he signed the Treaty of Velasco, 

Mexico before the war

• Instable and damaged economy

• Largly Spanish population

• NO SLAVERY

• Catholic

USA Before the war

• Population mostly Europe origin

• Economy grew quickly

• Slavery

• Protestant

USA + Mexico similarities before the war

• Relativley young

• Had to deal with states who believe their rights weren’t fulfilled by fed gov

• Rebelled against mother nation (Establish republics)

Mexican American War foreshadowing to Civil War

• Slavery (Balance)

• Geographical split

Republic of California

• Polk offered to buy CA → angered Mexican Gov. 

• Seized the town of Sonoma & declared independence from Mexico

• US claimed CA

Mexico’s troops across the Rio - Grande (1846)

• U.S. troops blockaded Rio - Grande

• MX viewed as violation of their rights 

• MX sent soldiers and killed 9 American Soldiers

Treaty Guadalupe - Hidalgo (1848)

• MX agree to the Rio Grande border for TX

• Ceded New Mexico and California

• US pay $15 million for the Mexican cession

Laramie treaty

Define tribal territy to ensure safe passage for white settlers traveling to oregano to CA

Zachary Taylor

One of the heroes of the MX US war → Later pres of US

Gadsden Purchase

• US pay Mexico another $10 mil for another piece of territory S of Gila river.

• Established the current borders of the lower 48 states

Why did Black Hawks rebel

• Sauk tribe sold their land (Claimed to be drunk)

• White Settlers moved in

• Sauk were moved to iowa

Wilmot Proviso (1846) - who?

• Slavery will be illegal in all lands acquired by war with Mexico (didn’t become law)

  • James K. Polk

Anthony Burns + Result of his trial

• Free Black forced back into slavery in VA

• Result - Antislavery sentiment in the North grew. 

What made Southerners upset about CA

• Constitution forbade slavery (1849)

Who created the Compromise of 1850 and why?

• Henry Clar

• Feared war + Disunion

What did the Compromise of 1850 contain

• CA enters as a free state

• Fugitive Slave Act 

• Popular sovereignty in NM & UT

• Pay TX $10 million to surrender claim to NM

• Sale of slaves banned in D.C.

Fugitive Slave Act

• Fugitives not entitled to trial by jury

• Fugitives couldn't testify on their own behalf.

• A slave owners statement was enough to have a slave returned

• Fed commissioners charged with enforcing the law receive $10 fee if returned with fugitive,

  • Only $5 if freed a slave just to return

• Anyone convicted of helping an alleged fugitive cut could be fined $1,000 or imprisonment for six months, or both.

Who was responsible for Compromise of 1850 passing

• Stephen A. Douglas

Stephen A. Douglas made what Act?

• Kansas - Nebraska Act

How did Northerners resist to the Fugitive Slave Act

• Sent endangered Blacks to Canada. 

• Use violence to rescue fugitive slaves. 

• Nine Northern states passed personal liberty laws - forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves & guaranteed they would have jury trials.

  • Northern lawyers dragged trials out in order to increase slave catchers’ expenses.

•  Southern slave owners enraged by resistance

STUDY MAP

See photo

Opn

Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

• Abolitionist-Harriet Beecher Stowe

•      Lincoln called her as the “little lady who made the big war”

Response to Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Northern abolitionists increased their protests against the Act

• Southerners criticized the book as an attack on the South as a whole.

Kansas Nebraska act motives

• Stephen Douglas pushing to organize the huge territory west of Iowa and Missouri.

  • divide the area into two territories (Nebraska and Kansas). 

• Complicated motives -  

  • Douglas wanted a railroad between Chicago & San Francisco.

    • Southerners wanted the railroad to start in Memphis or New Orleans.

• Would strengthen Democrats & unify the nation.
  

Difficulty about Kansas Nebraska act organizing

• Territory north of the Mo Comp line of 36°30’ → legally closed to slavery. 

• D assumed that territory of Nebraska would enter as 2 states (Free & slave) → maintain balance

• To win over the S → Supported the repeal of the MO Comp

Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)

• Divide area into Nebraska and Kansas

• Establish popular sovereignty for both territories. 

• Repeal MO Comp

Start of Bleeding Kansas

• N&S settlers came to Kansas Territory.

• Held an election for a territorial legislature.

  • “border ruffians” (From slave MO, led by MO senator David Atchison) crossed into Kansas armed and voted illegally. 

    • Proslavery candidates victory → set up a gov at Lecompton + issued a series of proslavery acts. 

    • Abolitionists organized a rival gov in Topeka.
      

The Sack of Lawrence (Bleeding Kansas)

• Antislavery settlers founded Lawrence (Town). 

  • Proslavery jury called Lawrence’s inhabitants traitors → Arrested. 

• 800 proslavery armed men went to Lawrence to carry out the jury’s will. 

  • Burned down the antislavery headquarters

  • Destroyed two newspapers’ printing presses

  • Looted many houses and stores.

Pro and anti slavery gov in Kansas

• Pro - Lecompton

• Anti - Topeka

The ________ Massacre + Effects (Bleeding Kansas)

• Pottawatomie

• John Brown - abolitionist (Believed God told him to fight Slavery)

  • He mistook that the proslavery posse in Lawrence killed 5 men. - Wanted revenge 

• He & followers chopped off their hands & stabbed 5 men in the proslavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek, 

  • Became the bloody shirt that proslavery Kansas settlers waved in summoning attacks on Free-Soilers.

• Triggered incidents throughout Kansas. 

  • 200 people killed. 

  • Brown fled

Bleeding Sumner

• MA senator (Charles Sumner) speech to the senate - “The Crime Against Kansas.” →verbally attacked pro slavery aged senator Andrew P. Butler

  • Butler’s nephew, (Congressman Preston S. Brooks) hit Sumner's head with his cane until it broke

    • Sumner got brain damage-did not return to his Senate seat 3+ yrs.
      

Bleeding Sumner Reaction

• South supported Brooks

• North viewed as another example of S brutality & anti free speech.

• Growing tension

  • Previous compromises from the time of the Wilmot Proviso to the Kansas-Nebraska Act couldn’t satisfy both

  • New political alliances and violence. 

  • Old parties tore and new parties emerged.

Election of 1856

• John C. Fremont (Republican)

• James Buchanan* (Democrat) (Winner)

  
  

What party did election of 1856 signal the decline of

Know Nothing Party

Dred Scott Origin

• Missouri Slave. 

• Owner took him for 4 yrs north of the Missouri Comp line (free territory in Illinois + Wisconsin)

  • Owner died after returning to Missouri

• Sued for freedom 

  • Had become a free person by living in free territory.

Dred Scott Ruling + Reaction

• SC Chief Justice (Roger B. Taney):

  • Slaves were not citizens → no rights of citizens

  • MO Comp was unconstitutional → Slaves = property, and right to own property could not be interfered with (5th amendment)

    • Makes Popular Sovereignty not ok

• Efforts to ban slavery forbidden.

• Justices John McLean & Benjamin Curtis disagree. 

  • US Con, state Cons, + other laws saw Blacks as citizens. 

  • Necessary + Proper clause Congress gave congress power to ban slavery in the territories.

Why did Dred Scott ruling matter?

• Heightened the sectional tensions → lead to the Civil War.

  • Americans before accepted that Congress and the states could limit slavery.

• Questioned the legitimacy of the Court.

• Taney’s opinion took the extreme proslavery position & made it national law. 

• Stopped any possible future compromises.

The Lecompton Constitution + Buchanan’s Bad descision

• 1857 - Proslavery gov at Lecompton, Kansas → wrote a con & applied for admission to the Union.

  • Free-Soilers (outnumbered proslavery ppl in Kansas) rejected it → cuz it protected slaveholder’s rights + admits Kansas as slave state

  • Legislature called for a referendum → The ppl voted against the constitution

• Pres Buchanan’s bad descision: Endorsed the con. 

  • Angered Illinois Dem Stephen A. Douglas → didnt care about result of slavery vote (Only cared about popular sovereignty)

• Douglas got another referendum

  • 1858 - voters rejected again. 

• N called D a hero & S called him a traitor

  • Two wings of democratic party distanced more

Northern Whigs

• Oppose the Fugitive Slave Act

• Lukewarm support to the compromise of 1850

Southern Whigs

• Supported the compromise of 1850

  • In order to seem pro slavery and pro union

Know - Nothings

• Roots in a secret organization (The Order of the Star Spangled Banner)

• Anti immigration

• Anti catholic

• Split over slavery

• Favor native born Americans over immigrants

• Used secret handshakes & passwords - answered questions by saying “I know nothing”

• Previously known as the American party

Free Soil Party (whos the pres?

• Against slavery expansion

• Nominated former dem president (Martin Van Buren)

• Most still not abolitionists

  • Some support laws banning black settlement in their communities

  • Some deny blacks right to vote
    

Republican Party

• Northern whigs, abolitionists, free soilers, and some anti slavery democrats

• Founder - Horace Greely

• Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act

• oppose slavery extension

• Resurrect Missouri Compromise

• Able to draw support from such diverse groups 

• Main competition was the Know - Nothing Party

Lincoln - Douglas Debate

• 1858 race for the U.S. Senate 

  • Democratic - Stephen Douglas (Well known senator)

  • Republican - Abraham Lincoln. (Locally known)

Lincoln V. Douglas Speaking Styles

• D: excluded self confidence, pacing back n forth, using fists to emphasize

• L: Delivered his comments solemnly, using direct and plain language

Douglas + Lincoln stance on Slavery

•  D: 

  • Popular sovereignty (States decide their own slavery laws)

  • In

• L:

  • Slavery = immoral

  • Not abolitionist

Douglas + Lincoln stance on Kansas-Nebraska Act

• D :

  • Support

• L:

  • Against

  • Repeals MO Comp + Allows slavery to spread

Douglas + Lincoln stance on Equality of Blacks & Whites

• D:

  • White superior

• L:

  • Believe all deserve equal rights as in Constitution

  • Against Social + Political equality

Douglas + Lincoln stance on Fugitive Slave Laws

• D:

  • Support

• L:

  • S entitled to them (Constitutional right for slave owners)

AGREE ON THIS

WHo won the 1858 race for Senate?

• Stephen Douglas

But built Lincoln’s Rep up

Freeport Doctrine

• Lincoln asked Douglas: “Could the settlers of a territory vote to exclude slavery before the territory became a state?”

• D: Slavery cannot exist unless it is supported by law (i.e: you can get around Dred Scott decision)

• Worsened the split between wings of the Dems. 

Harpers Ferry + Result + Reaction

• John Brown led 21 men into Harpers Ferry (WV) to seize federal arsenal, distribute to slaves, and start an uprising

• Slaves did not join him → No way of getting the info

• Held 60 prominent citizens hostage

• 10 of Brown’s men killed by troops

• Marines Captured Brown

  • Tried for treason + hung

• Linc and Doug called Brown a murderer

• Northerners admired him 

• Scared Slaveholders

  • Convinced N plotting slave uprisings. 

    • Calls for seccession

The Republican Convention - 1860

• Presidential convention

• Chicago → Transformed into a convention city

• Republicans crowded the city → Delegates, Newsmen, Spectators

Seward V. Lincoln Republican Convention

• Senator William H.Seward was a candidate: many credentials for anti slavery + more

• Fame worked against him

  • Lincoln’s unknown → no chance to offend Republicans yet (Unlike Seward)

    • Nominaed Lincoln → Views more moderate

What did Southerners call Lincoln after he was nominated at republican convention. WHY

• Pledged to end slavery expansion

  • “black Republican,” → “the greatest evil that has ever befallen this country.”

Election of 1860

• Lincoln (R) v. Douglas (Northern D) v. Breckenridge (Southern D)

• Lincoln won

  • Received less than half the popular vote. 

  • 0 electoral votes from S. 

• Sectional rather than national support 

Secession (Dec 1860) (7 states) (SMELLY MONKEYS FART AT GREEN LITTLE TURTLES)

• After Lincoln becomes pres

  • Convinced S they lost their political voice in gov. 

• SC seceded from the Union

• Last chance to preserve the slavery

  • Mississippi seceded on January 9, 1861. 

  • Florida seceded next day. 

  • Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded

The Confedercy (Confederate States of America) → Pres?

• (1861) Secessionist states delegates met in Alabama → Formed the Confederacy (Confederate States of America). 

  • Resembled the US's but protected slavery → Said each state independent

• Feb 9 - delegates elected former senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as president