Gen Bio II - Exam 1

Interpret the phylogeny. Which grouping represents a monophyletic clade?

1. H, 2, and 3

2. G, H, and 3

3. K, 4, and 6

4. L, 6, 7, and 8

4. L, 6, 7, and 8

Identify which taxa represent sister taxa.

1. 8 and 9

2. 4 and 5

3. J, K, and L

4. H, 1, 2, and 3

2. 4 and 5

A derived trait for a clade is an evolutionary feature that is:

1. novel within that clade.

2. absent in extinct species.

3. found only in extant species.

4. present only in one species.

1. novel within that clade.

Identify the best description of a phylogenetic tree.

1. the pattern of descent of a group of organisms

2. a theory that explains how life began

3. the relationships between species based on their phenotypic similarity

4. a prediction of future evolutionary events

1. the pattern of descent of a group of organisms

5. Identify which statement is TRUE regarding natural selection.

I. It allows individuals to evolve.

Il. It is a mechanism of evolution.

III. It only affects traits that are harmful.

IV. It acts on phenotypic variation.

Il and IV

Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic cycles. Which occurs in BOTH cycles?

1. viral genome is copied

2. integration into bacterial chromosome

3. lysis of the host cell

4. self-assembly of phages

1. viral genome is copied

Identify which are found in ALL viruses.

I. genetic material

Il. capsid

Ill. envelope

I and II

CORRECTLY sequence the general viral replication cycle.

I. Genome enters host cell

Il. New viruses are assembled

III. Virus binds to host cell

IV. Host replicates viral genome

V. Viruses exit host cell

III —> I —> IV —> II —> V

Identify forms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria.

I. rapid reproduction

Il. conjugation

III. meiosis

IV. transformation

II and IV

Hypothesize the effect of a drug that targets and destroys the fertility factor (F+) of prokaryotic cells on the population.

1. The mutation rate would increase significantly.

2. Direct transfer of genetic material between two living cells would not occur.

3. Cells would no longer be able to take up DNA fragments from the environment.

4. Phages would not be able to transfer DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell.

2. Direct transfer of genetic material between two living cells would not occur.

While collecting field samples from a Pacific Ocean expedition, you collect several vials of photosynthetic bacteria. You sequence their DNA and find it is most similar to chloroplasts. Hypothesize the most likely kind of bacteria you have collected.

1. proteobacteria

2. cyanobacteria •

3. green algae

4. archaea

2. cyanobacteria

Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium and one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the US. Using this information hypothesize which of the following characteristics CORRECTLY describe this organism.

I. DNA found in a nucleoid.

Il. Possesses a cell wall comprised of cellulose.

III. Utilizes ribosomes for protein synthesis.

IV. Contains an endomembrane system.

I and II

Identify the process of cell division in bacteria.

1. budding

2. mitosis

3. binary fission •

4. meiosis

3. binary fission

Identify which are components of eukaryotic cells.

I. Nucleoid

II. Peptidoglycan cell wall

III. Nucleus

IV. Ribosomes

III and IV

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Which are components of prokaryotic cells?

I. Nucleus

II. Flagellum

III. Ribosomes

IV. Cell Wall

II, III, and IV

Identify to which extant group mitochondria are most closely related.

1. Archaea

2. Eukaryotes

3. Proteobacteria

4. Cyanobacteria

3. Proteobacteria

While swimming in the ocean you pick up a large leaf-shaped organism. Upon close inspection you find that its cells contain mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell walls. Given your observations, hypothesize into which group(s) this organism COULD belong.

I. Bacteria

Il. Eukarya

III. Archaeplastida

IV. Ophisthokonta

V. Amoebozoa

II and III

Compare and contrast eukaryotic supergroups. Which contain members with plastids?

I. Amoebozoa

Il. Archaeplastida

Ill. Discoba

IV. Opisthokonta

V. SAR

II and V

Compare and contrast viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes.
Which features are found in ALL three?

I. Ribosomes

Il. Nucleoid

Ill. Genetic material

IV. Plasma membrane

V. Proteins

III and V

Identify which is TRUE for the supergroups Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta.

1. Cell walls are an ancestral trait.

2. Their common ancestor was a heterotroph.

3. Secondary plastids are found in both.

4. Both groups contain autotrophs.

2. Their common ancestor was a heterotroph.

A new organism has been discovered and classified in the supergroup Archaeplastida. Based on this classification, which lab condition is likely to be the most important in ensuring their successful growth?

1. Presence of light

2. Presence of organic carbon

3. Presence of a suitable animal host

4. Absence of oxygen

1. Presence of light

Identify which groups were engulfed during primary endosymbiosis.

1. Red Algae

Il. Cyanobacteria

Ill. Green Algae

IV. Proteobacteria

II and IV

Identify which is a derived characteristic of the supergroup Discoba.

1. mitochondria

2. cell walls with cellulose

3. secondary endosymbiosis of a red algae

4. Flagellum with crystalline rod

4. Flagellum with crystalline rod

A mycelium is:

1. a diploid fungal cell

2. the sexual life cycle of a fungus

3. a mass of hyphae

4. a mutualistic structure in the mycorrhizae

3. a mass of hyphae

A plant has been treated with a chemical that destroys chitin and as a result, the plant's growth has declined, and it is not thriving. Hypothesize as to the most likely explanation.

1. The chloroplasts are damaged and no longer able to carry out photosynthesis.

2. The plant cell walls have become weak and can no longer support the weight of the plant.

3. The plant's nutrient supply of ions and minerals is no longer sufficient.

4. The plant's hyphae are not able to absorb enough water from the soil.

3. The plant's nutrient supply of ions and minerals is no longer sufficient.

Identify the sister group to fungi.
a. Nucleariids
b. Amoebozoa
c. Choanoflagellates
d. Animals

a. Nucleariids

Which organisms are CORRECTLY paired with the material found in their cell wall?

I. Bacteria - peptidoglycan

II. Fungi - chitin

III. Verdiplante - peptidoglycan

IV. Archaea - cellulose

I and II

Members of the Kingdom Fungi and members of the Phylum Arthropoda both use chitin despite being in different kingdoms. Which statement is TRUE for both Fungi and Arthropods?

1. They have cell walls.

2. They are opisthokonts.

3. They acquire resources via absorptive heterotrophy.

4. Arthropods are more related to fungi than other animals.

2. They are opisthokonts.

CORRECTLY identify the method through which fungi acquire nutrients.

1. filter feeding

2. photoautotrophy

3. absorbtive heterotrophy

4. carbon fixation

3. absorbtive heterotrophy

Identify which is a derived trait of Metazoa.

1. nervous tissue

2. multicellularity

3. bilateral symmetry

4. embryonic germ layers

2. multicellularity

Homeobox genes:

1. are found in all eukaryotes

2. are found only in vertebrates

3. are analogous in plants and animals

4. regulate development in animals

4. regulate development in animals

CORRECTLY sequence the fungal life cycle starting with mature hyphae.

I. Plasmogamy

II. Karyogamy

III. Heterokaryon

IV. Meiosis

V. Spores released

I —> III —> II —> IV —> V

Compare and contrast animal clades. Which combinations of clade and derived traits are CORRECT?

I. Metazoa - heterotrophy

Il. Eumetazoa - tissues

III. Spiralia - bilateral symmetry

IV. Bilateria - triploblasty

II and IV

Lichens are a _____ association between fungi and _____

1. commensal, plant roots

2. parasitic, plant roots

3. mutualistic, ants

4. mutualistic, photosynthetic microbes

4. mutualistic, photosynthetic microbes

You've identified a novel animal that has a body cavity lined with mesoderm and endoderm and filled with fluid.
Hypothesize what type of body cavity is present.

1. Pseudocoelom

2. Acoelom

3. Blastocoel

4. True coelom

1. Pseudocoelom

Compare and contrast Porifera and Cnidaria. Which are derived traits found in Cnidaria but NOT Porifera?

I. Symmetry

II. Multicellularity

III. Tissues

IV. Coelom

I and III

CORRECTLY sequence these traits in animal evolution from earliest to most recent.

I. Multicellularity

II. Excretory structures

III. Symmetry

IV. Triploblasty

I —> III —> IV —> II

Compare and contrast types of body cavities. Which describes a true coelom?

1. not filled with fluid

2. completely lined with mesoderm

3. located between the ectoderm and the mesoderm

4. located inside the digestive tract

2. completely lined with mesoderm

Sequence animal evolution. Which animal clade only contains organisms with three embryonic germ layers?

I. Bilateria

Il. Deuterostomia

III. Eumetazoa

I and II

Identify which phylum is CORRECTLY paired with a clade to which it belongs.

1. Arthropoda, Spiralia

2. Porifera, Metazoa

3. Cnidaria, Bilateria

4. Annelida, Ecdysozoa

2. Porifera, Metazoa

Compare and contrast Nephrozoa and basal Eumetazoans.
Which is present in Nephrozoa and absent from basal Eumetazoans?

1. Tissues

2. Heterotrophy

3. Bilateral symmetry

4. Multicellularity

3. Bilateral symmetry

Identify members of the Ecdysozoa.

I. Annelida

Il. Mollusca

III. Nematoda

IV. Platyhelminthes

III only

Compare and contrast protostome and deuterostome development. Which are characteristics of deuterostomes?

I. Indeterminate cleavage

II. Blastopore becomes the mouth

III. Determinate cleavage

IV. Radial cleavage

I and IV

Taenia solium is an acoelomate. Based on this information, this organism:

1. develops three germ layers during embryonic development.

2. is a diploblast.

3. has a colom that is not completely lined with mesoderm.

4. has a colom that is formed from only ectoderm and endoderm.

1. develops three germ layers during embryonic development.

45. Compare and contrast Phylum Echinodermata and Phylum Chordata. Which are characteristics found in members of BOTH?

I. true coelom

Il. water vascular system

III. endoskeleton

IV. notochord

I and III

Compare and contrast phyla within Bilateria. _____ a derived trait of Chordata, and _____ is a derived trait of Rotifera.

1. notochord, HOX gene expression

2. dorsal hollow nerve cord, pseudocoelom

3. post anal tail, hydrostatic skeleton

4. colom, corona

2. dorsal hollow nerve cord, pseudocoelom

Taenia solium is a Platyhelminthes parasite that lives in the intestinal tract of humans. Humans and Platyhelminths are very different, but they share which characteristics?

I. Bilateral symmetry

Il. Notochord

III. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

IV. Mitochondria

V. Mesoderm

I, IV, and V

Compare and contrast Pomacea bridgesii (a mollusk) and Octoglena sierra (an arthropod). Which characteristics describe BOTH?

I. Member of the clade Spiralia

Il. Dorsoventrally flattened

III. Triploblastic

IV. Mitochondria resulted from primary endosymbiosis

III and IV

As a marine biologist, you are thrilled to have discovered the first member of a new animal phylum! The new organism has no obvious symmetry and no embryonic germ layers.
Hypothesize which phylum is most likely to be the sister taxon to this new group.

1. Mollusca

2. Porifera

3. Annelida

4. Cnidaria

2. Porifera

Identify a shared derived trait of the Clade Deuterostomia.

1. Spiral cleavage

2. Indeterminant cleavage

3. Bilateral symmetry

4. Triploblastic

2. Indeterminant cleavage

Identify a derived characteristic of mammals.

1. Tool use

2. Amniotic egg

3. Opposable thumbs

4. Endothermy

4. Endothermy

Compare and contrast animal clades. Which combinations of clade and description are TRUE for ALL members of the clade?

I. Bilateria - mesoderm present

Il. Amniotes - live birth

Ill. Deuterostomes - aquatic

V. Chordata - dorsal hollow nerve chord

V. Tetrapods - limbs with digits

I, IV, and V

CORRECTLY sequence these traits in chordate evolution from earliest to most recent.

I. lobe-fins

Il. jaws

IlI. vertebrae

IV. lungs/swim bladder

III —> II —> IV —> I

Compare and contrast clades of Chordata. Which is characterized by the presence of bone in their skeletons?

1. Tetrapoda

2. Osteichthyes

3. Amniotes

4. Gnathostomia

4. Gnathostomia

Identify the group of mammals characterized by a complex placenta and complete embryonic development in utero.

1. eutherians

2. amniotes

3. monotremes

4. marsupials

1. eutherians

Compare and contrast plant clades. Which is a derived trait of vascular plants?

1. Stomata

2. Primary chloroplasts

3. Pollen

4. Sporophyte dominant life cycle

1. Sporophyte dominant life cycle

Identify which CORRECTLY describes the alternation of generations in plants.

I. gametophytes produce gametes by meiosis.

Il. gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis.

Ill. sporophytes produce spores by mitosis.

II only

Identify a derived characteristic of seed plants.

1. dominant sporophyte

2. dominant gametophyte

3. independent

4. pollen

4. pollen

Identify the supergroup that includes plants.

1. Chromalveolata

2. Archaeplastida

3. Excavata

4. Opisthokonta

2. Archaeplastida

CORRECTLY sequence the lifecycle of a moss starting with the development of a gametophyte.

I. Zygote is produced.

Il. Antheridium produces sperm.

III. Sporophyte develops.

IV. Sporangium produces spores.

II —> I —> III —> IV

Compare and contrast mosses and flowering plants. Which characteristic do they share?

1. gametophyte dominant life cycle

2. vascular tissue

3. alternation of generation

4. heterospory

3. alternation of generation

Identify which plant traits are adaptations specifically related to living on land.

I. alternation of generations

Il. sporopollenin

III. pollen

IV. cuticle

II, III, and IV

CORRECTLY sequence plant evolution. Place these traits in the order in which they appeared in plants, from earliest to most recent.

I. flowers

Il. vascular tissue

Ill. cuticle

IV. seeds

III —> II —> IV —> I

CORRECTLY sequence the angiosperm life cycle, starting with the mature sporophyte.

I. Zygote

Il. Spores

III. Meiosis

IV. Fertilization

V. Pollen dispersal

III —> II —> V —> IV —> I

Sequence the seed plant life cycle. Which is the male gametophyte?

1. Pollen

2. Endosperm

3. Embryo

4. Spores

1. Pollen

Compare and contrast plants, animals, and fungi. Which structures are diploid (2n)?

I. sperm

Il. zygote

Ill. sporophyte

IV. gametophyte

V. fungal hyphae

II and III

Identify which are seedless plants.

I. ferns

Il. mosses

Il. gymnosperms

IV. angiosperms

I and II

During the gymnosperm life cycle, _____ is/are produced via mitosis by the microgametophyte, while _____ is/are produced via mitosis from the zygote.

1. sperm, the mature sporophyte

2. microspores, the gametophyte

3. eggs, pollen

4. the mature sporophyte, gametes

1. sperm, the mature sporophyte

Identify a derived trait of angiosperms.

1. reduced, dependent gametophyte

2. double fertilization

3. vascular tissue

4. heterospory

2. double fertilization

If an angiosperm experienced a mutation that prevented cells from undergoing meiosis, hypothesize which stages or structures would be DIRECTLY affected.

I. Mature sporophyte

Il. Megagametophyte

III. Microgametophyte

IV. Zygote

I only