AMSCO APUSH Period 4

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States, 1801-1809

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Aaron Burr

served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.

Lewis and Clark

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Darthmouth College v. Woodward

Supreme Court case that prevented states from interfering in contracts

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Second Bank of the US

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit; modeled after Hamilton's original bank and fixing Revolutionary War debt

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state rights, limited government, and nullification. War hawk during war of 1812.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

Prophet

A shawnee indian leader whose brother was Tecumseh

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Barbary Pirates

North Africans who attacked American ships and tried to ransom American sailors

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812. Also used by barbary pirates along the North African coast.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

incident in 1807 that brought on a war crisis when the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake; the British demanded to board the American ship to search for deserters from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. commander refused, the British attacked, killing or wounding 20 American sailors. Four alleged deserters were then removed from the Chesapeake and impressed. Many angry and humiliated Americans called for war.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. Used combination of diplomacy and economic pressure to deal with European conflicts and wars.

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810. Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to dterm-136eclare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

Provided that Americans could trade with all nations except Britain and France (1809)

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost. Occurred before news of the peace treaty reached the frontier.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper

Lancaster Turnpike

road built in the 1790s by a private company, linking Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania

National (Cumberland) Road

A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Railroads

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west

Telegraph

A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Textile Mills

factories for clothes and fabrics

Lowell System

Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.

Unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Market Revolution

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Ten-hour workday

During the 1840s and 1850s, most northern state legislatures passed laws establishing a ten-hour workday for industrial workers.

Common Man

The "average" American citizen, whose concerns are represented in government.

Universal White Male Suffrage

No religious or property owning restrictions on voting. All white males could vote.

party nominating convention

Party politicians and voters would gather in a large meeting hall to nominate the party's candidates

King Caucus

A closed door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress which nominated candidates.

popular election of president

allowed votes to choose a state's slate of presidential electors

Anti-Masonic Party

a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party

Workingmen's Party

A political third party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party.

popular campaigning

Promoting candidates as being from and representing the common people, rather than elite rich politicians

Spoils System

The practice of dispensing government jobs in return for party loyalty.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Revolution of 1828

In the 1828 election, Andrew Jackson became president after a mudslinging campaign. Jackson was a champion of the working class and middle class (common man).

Peggy Eaton Affair

A social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member's wives snubbed the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Nullification Crisis

Argument between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the role of national government

Bank of the United States

major issue of Jackson's presidency, privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and downs of the national economy.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

two-party system

An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections.

Democrats

Political party lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism.

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for a national community and an activist government. Led by Henry Clay

Pet Banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign

The term for the 1840 presidential campaign. Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate. He used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. He attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler won the election.

Romanticism

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

Transcendentalists

They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Walden (1854)

A novel written by Henry David Thoreau which exposed transcendentalism-that is, truth through inner reflection & exposure to nature. It recorded Thoreau's thoughts concerning the value of a life of simplicity & contemplation.

On Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences, as a form of peaceful nonviolent protest.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston, in operation from 1841 to 1847.

George Ripley

Protestant minister who launched a communal experiment at Brook Farm in Massachusetts. His goal was to achieve "a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor"

Margaret Fuller

A feminist, writer, and editor in the women's movement.

Utopia

perfect society

Oneida Community

Utopian community established in upstate New York in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes and his followers.

John Noyes

Utopian idealist; founded the Oneida community

Antebellum

Occurring before a war

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Second Great Awakening

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Charles Finney

Presbyterian Minister who started a series of revivals in upstate New York, delivering sermons based on people's emotions and fear of damnation.

Church of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons

A religious group founded in 1830 based on a book of Scripture (traced a connection between the Native Americans and the lost tribes of Israel); they settled near the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Their practice of polygamy created conflict with the U.S. government. Founded by Joseph Smith.

Joseph Smith

religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)

Brigham Young

Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah