Prentice Hall Physical science chapters 11-21

motion

change in position

distance

how far an object has moved

displacement

linear distance between starting and end points

speed

distance an object travels per unit of time

speed equation

distance over time

distance equation

speed x time

time equation

distance over speed

acceleration

rate which objects speed or velocity changes

acceleration formula

vf-vi

force

push or pull

gravity

force of attraction between 2 masses

friction

force that resists motion between 2 things in contact

net force

overall force actin on an object

Balanced force

0 N

netwon’s first law

an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted by an unbalanced force

Inertia

tendency to resist change in motion

newtons second law

relates force and mass to acceleration forces act in pairs

newtons third law

every action has an equal and opposite reaction

momentum

moving objects have momentum

law of conservation of momentum

the total momentum of a group of objects stays the same unless a force acts on it

weight

gravitational force exerted on an object

pressure

amount of force acting on an area

fluid

substance that takes shape of its container

pascals principle

change in pressure in an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally and unchanged

hydraulic systems

device using pressurized fluid acting on pistons to change a force

Bernoullis law

pressure of moving fluid is less when fluid moves faster

archimedes principle

buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced

work

transfer of energy

force

push or pull

energy

ability to do work

gravitational potential energy

energy stored by objects due to their position above earths surface

elastic potential energy

energy stored by the object due to its shape

kinetic energy

energy an object has due to its motion

law of conservation of energy

energy cant be created or destroyed

temperature

measure of kinetic energy of particles

thermal energy

sum of kinetic and potential energy of particles

heat

transfer of thermal energy from one object to another

specific heat

how much heat u ned to raise 1g of a substance by 1 c

conduction

transfer via particle collisions

compressinal/ longitudinal waves

parallel waves

surface waves

waves that travel between 2 media

wavelength

distance between 1 point of a wave and the nearest point like it

frequency

number of waves per second

period

time it takes for 1 wave to pass a point

amplitude

distance between highest/ lowest point and equilibrium

reflection

wave bounces off

refraction

bending of wave when entering a new medium

diffraction

bending of waves around obstacles or opening

interference

when 2 or more waves overlap

standing waves

pattern of equal waves travel in opposite directions

nodes

points that cancel each other

pitch

frequency of sound

convection

heat transfer between fluid movement

radiation

transfer with electro magnetic waves

insulators

materials that slow down heat transfer

heat engine

device converting thermal energy to mechanical

heat pump

uses work to transfer heat from a cold object to a hot object

mechanical waves

need a medium to travel in

transverse

perpendicular

electromagnetic waves

disturbances that transfer energy

electromagnetic spectrum

range of electromagnetic wave frequencies

transparent

light is transmitted

translucent

light gets scattered

opaque

absorbed or reflected

refraction of light

bending of a wave cause by the change of speed entering a new medium

electric force

force of attraction/ repulsion between electric charges

electric fields

region around an electric charge that can affect other charges

electric circuits

a complete path charges flow through

series circuit

one path for current

parallel circuit

multiple branches for current

magnets

metal that attracts iron

magnetic force

force of attraction/repulsion between magnets

magnetic fields

region around the magnet influenced by magnetic force

static electricity

build up of excess electric charge on an object

conductors

electrons move easily

insulators

electrons do not move freely

charging method: friction

electrons move easily

charring method: induction

rearrangement of electrons without touching

static discharge

when built up static electricity flows from 1 place to another

voltage

difference of electrical potential energy that pushes charges to flow

ohms law

voltage = current times resistance