Chapter 26 Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

List the factors that determine body water content and describe the effect of each factor

Determined by age, gender, and body composition. Hydration status, climate, and activity level play a factor.

What are the two major fluid compartments of the body

Intercellular fluid and extracellular fluid

What percentage of intercellular fluid makes up the total body fluid volume

67%

What percentage of extracellular fluid makes up the total body fluid volume

33%

What are the two sub compartments of the extracellular fluid

Plasma and interstitial fluid

What are the types of interstitial fluid

Lymph, CSF, humors of the eyes, synovial fluid, serous fluid and GI secretions

Which is the major cation of the ECF

Na+

What is the major anion of the ECF

Cl-

Which is the major cation of the ICF

K+

Which is the major anion of the ICF

HPO4 2-

If a cell has a higher solute concentration than the surrounding interstitial fluid will water tend to flow into cell or out of the cell

Water will flow out

What if the cell has a lower solute concentration

Water will flow out

What are three responses to increasing ECF (the ECF becoming more concentrated with solutes)

Water leaves cells, stimulate thirst, and ADH is release

What are three responses to decreasing ECF (the ECF becoming less concentrated with solutes)

Water enter cells, thirst inhibition and ADH inhibition

What percentage of water is typically lost through urine

60%

What precentage of water is typically lost through insensible losses

28%

What percentage of water is typically lost through sweat

8%

What percentage of water is typically lost feces

4%

What percentage of water is typically obtained through beverages

60%

What percentage of water is typically obtained food

30%

What percentage of water is typically obtained metabolism

10%

What is the driving force of water intake

Thirst

Where in the body is thirst regulated

tThe hypothalamic thirst center

How does the hypothalamus respond when plasma solute concentration increases

Increases ADH, which will increase water reabsorption. This will increase urine concentration, which will then cause plasma volume to increase and return to normal.

How does the hypothalamus respond when the plasma solute concentration decreases

Decreases ADH, causing renal water reabsorption to decrease and urine concentration to decrease causing plasma volume to decrease

Will dehydration tend to cause water to move into the ICF or out

Cause water loss from ICF (out)

Will over hydration tend to cause water to move into the ICF or out

Causes water gain in the ICF (into)

Which molecule contribute over 90% of the solute concentration in the ICF

Sodium salt

Which ion is most important for regulation of blood pressure and blood volume

Na+

What are the two effects of aldosterone

Decrease in urinary output and increase blood volume

How does aldosterone affect plasma sodium concentrations

Increases NaCl concentration

Where dose aldosterone exert the effect of affecting plasma sodium concentrations

Works on the distal convoluted ducts and the collecting ducts

In what 3 ways does low plasma sodium stimulate aldosterone production

Increases sympathetic nervous system stimulation, decreases renal filtrate NaCl concentration, and decreases the stretch of juxtaglomerular complex granular cells

What role does renin play in the stimulation of aldosterone production by low sodium concentrations

Decreases the filtrate of sodium chloride concentration and stimulates the lungs to produce angiotensin 2

Where is renin produced

Granular cells found in the juxtaglomerular complex b

What role does angiotensin 2 play in stimulation of aldosterone production by low sodium concentrations

Targets cells of the renal cortex to release aldosterone

Where is angiotensin 2 produced

Produced in the lungs

In what two ways does atrial natriuretic peptide reduce blood pressure

Decreases ADH, renin, and aldosterone, which in turn decreases blood volume. Decreasing angiotensin 2 will increase vasodilation

What stimulate ANP production

Stretch due in blood pressure

Which cells produce ANP

Released by cells in the atrium

In addition to aldosterone, ANP, angiotensin 2, and renin, what are three other hormones that regulate sodium concentrations

Estrogen, glucocorticoids, and progesterone

What is the normal pH range for arterial blood

pH of 7.4

What is the normal pH range for venous blood

pH of 7.35

What is the normal pH range of interstitial fluid

pH of 7.35 (fluid)

What is the normal pH range of intercellular fluid

pH of 7.0

What is acidosis

When the pH of arterial blood drops below 7.53

What is alkalosis

When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45

What are the 3 most important chemical buffer systems of the body

bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, and the protein buffer system

Which is the most important chemical buffer system of the ECF

Bicarbonate buffer system (chem)

Which is the most important chemical buffer for urine and ICF but not plasma

Phosphate buffer system

What is the most important chemical buffer system for the ICF

Protein buffer system

Which two organs are most important for maintenance of pH

Respiratory system and renal system

Which chemical buffer system is the most important for pH regulation by the lungs

Bicarbonate buffer system (lung)

Which physiological buffer system is the most important regulator of pH

Bicarbonate buffer system (physiological)