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What is PEL?
Only losing money
Financial loss that does NOT come from injury or property
Cattle v Stockton
Relational economic loss
Loss caused by damage to property C does not own but depends on
Not recoverable
Spartan Steel v Martin:
D negligently caused power cut
C’s factory lost power for 14hrs cooling molten metal making it useless
C can claim compensation for damaged metal
C can claim profits lost from the metal (damaged property)
But D owes no DOC for losing production output that would have happened in that time
Floodgates reason: everyone could sue that way, becomes massive and uncontrollable
Hedley Byrne v Heller:
Bank (D) negligently provided C with good credit reference about X (C’s customer)
C suffered bad debts as a result as they relied on D’s word
But D said ‘this is without responsibility’, so no assumption of responsibility
You can only claim PEL from statements if there is a special relationship
What is a special relationship?
Hedley Byrne
Assumption of responsibility (D takes responsibility for what they said)
Reliance (C reasonably relies on it)
Caparo v Dickman:
Auditors negligently made accounts and so Caparo bought shares and lost money
No claim as auditors were not personally advising Caparo
Advice given personally MAY be recoverable but generally is not
Relationship of proximity must be there
PEL is not recoverable in negligence because:
Avoids floodgates, losses can be spread widely
Where C has ability to protect herself using contract law, there is less need to provide an additional layer of tort law protections (Leigh and Sullivan v Aliakmon Shipping)
PEL:
The law restricts recovery for PEL to avoid indeterminate liability
Reflects policy choice to prioritise certainty over fairness
Test for when DOC arises exceptionally for PEL:
Whether D assumed responsibility for what they did
Whether the loss to C was a reasonably foreseeable consequence
Whether rs between parties was one of sufficient proximity
Whether it’s fair just and reasonable to impose DOC