Biology Lab Practical 1

occular

pair of lenses nearest the eyes magnify 10x

body tube

supports the oculars and revolving nosepiece with its magnifying elements

revolving nosepiece

a rotating structure with four objectives

objectives

scanning (4x), medium (10x), high (40x), and oil immersion (100x)

mechanical stage

horizontal plate with a slide holder mounted on it and two slide adjusting Knobs

substage condenser

a system of lenses that concentrates the light from the illuminator onto the specifmen

iris diaphragm

a shutter-like structure below the substage condenser that regulates the amount of light passing through to the specimen

illuminator

source of light

arm

supports the body tube and adjustment knobs

fine adjustment knob

smaller knob which moves the mechanical stage on a lesser scale

base

bears the weight of the microscope...

resolution

measurement of how clear the distance between two lines is -unaided, humans cannot distinguish between lines that are less than 100 microns (.1mm) apart

field of view

circular field seen when viewed through the occulars

(di/DL) = (XL/Xi)

diameter of unknown = (4mm*power under low)/(power at unknown diameter)

cell wall

rigid, transparent structure that lies outside of plant cell membranes. Is composed of cellulose embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins.

central vacuole

Is in mature plants, and is enclosed in a membrane called the tonoplast -holds things for the cell

chloroplasts

organelles containing enzymes and photosynthetic pigments

erythrocytes

red blood cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

platelets

purple or gray flecks scattered between red and white blood cells. Originated in the red bone marrow, and are actually cytoplasmic fragments

organic compound

contains carbon in the forms of chains or rings

85

cell water percentage

carbohydrates

1:2:1, C:H:O

glucose

six carbon monosaccharide

sucrose

table sugar is a disaccharide

Proteins

Hydrogen, amino, R group, and carboxyl group

lipids

fats and oils

Nucleotides

contain a five carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

dehydration synthesis

when two monomers are joined together...

reducing sugars

all monosaccharides, and some disaccharides that have a free carbonyl group in close proximity to a hydroxyl group

benedicts

test for reducing sugar that is made of copper ions that turn from blue to yellow, orange, brick red, or brown in the presence of heat and a reducing sugars

lugol's reagent

test for starch that contains iodine that react to make a dark blue, purple, or black precipitate

biuret

contains NaOH or KOH and a small amount of CuSO4 -turns violet in the presence of proteins

salivary amylase

works on plant starch (amylose) and glycogen to convert them to their glucose monomeres

rennin

converts casein into insoluable paracasein by hydrolysis

sudan IV

is used to test for lipids because it can dissolve in, and stain non-polar molecules

diffusion

random movement of molecules that allows them to move from higher to lower concentrations (down their concentration gradient)

selectively/differentially/semi-permeable

allows some smaller, and non-polar molecules to pass

osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

osmotic pressure

force that causes osmosis

hypotonic

has less of a given solute

hypertonic

has more of a given solute

isotonic

has the same amount of a given solute

brownian movement

caused by the random movement of water molecules: was seen in the carmine that was mixed with water

colloid

suspension of large, insoluble particles in a fluid medium

diffusion of a gas in a gas

NH4OH+HCl ---> NH4Cl + H2O

phenolphthalein

turns pink in the presence of a bass

osmometer

thistle tube with a selectively permeable membrane that is soaked in water, and filled with sugar

solute concentration within a cell

point at which plasmolysis occurs in 50% of cells

hydration shells

sphere of water that surround dissociated ions

cations

can attract more than one hydration shell

anions

typically only attract one hydration shell

prokaryotes

lack a nuclear envelope, chromosomal proteins, and membrane-bound organelles such as vacuoles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria

prokaryotes

have small, simple genomes with one double stranded DNA molecule in a ring form located in the nucloid region

plasmids

small rings of DNA that prokaryotes have

binary fission

how prokaryotes reproduce

Domain Eukaryia

protozoan, fungal, plant and animal cells

similarities between a prokaryote and a eukaryote

plasma membrane, similar enzymes, DNA for hereditary material, ribosomes for protein synthesis

prokaryotes

Archaea and Bacteria are ___________

peptidoglycan

archaea cell walls lack this feature in their cell walls that other prokaryotes do not

phototroph

uses light for energy

chemotroph

uses chemicals in the environment for energy

autotrophs

self-feeders

heterotrophs

other-feeders

cyanobacteria

prokaryotic photoautotrophs that possess phycocyanin that gives them their distinctive pigment, and chloroplasts that are distributed throughout the cytoplasm

chemoautotrophs

oxidize inorganic sources (nitrogen, iron, sulfer, and others) to obtain energy and need only carbon dioxide as a carbon source (certain prokaryotes that live in deep sea vents)

chemoheterotrophs

most bacteria get their carbon and energy from other organisms

saprobes

bacteria that break down non-living organic matter, and are often symbiotic for their hosts

photoheterotrophs

purple and green non-sulfur bacteria that obtain carbon in an organic form and energy from light

facultative anaerobes

ferment in oxygen free environment, and can also use oxygen

obligate anaerobes

ferment in oxygen free environment, and cannot use oxygen

nitrogen fixation

something that a lot of bacteria and cyanobacteria are capable of doing that no eukaryote is

extremophiles

Domain Archaea that live in places that no other organism can

bacillus

rod-shaped

coccus

spherical in shape

spirillum

spirals, commas, or helical shapes

cocci

shape of bacteria that is always single celled

bacillus/spirillum

shape of bacteria that grows in colonies of many different forms

gram-negative

bacterial cell walls that are more complex, but contain less peptidoglycan

gram-positive

bacterial cell walls that are simpler and contain more peptidoglycan

oscillatoria

this cyanobacteria divides in the same plane and adheres to create a long filament

nostoc

this cyanobacteria forms grape-like macroscopic colonies that contain two types of cells: the smaller are called vegetative cells, and the larger are called heterocystes (believed to be the site of N fixation)

Janus Green B

was used to stain cheek cells

Kingdom Protista

all ________ are eukaryotic

Euglina

flagellated single-celled photosynthetic organisms that contain chlorophyll a and b, but do not store starch or produce cellulose cell walls, and reproduce by binary fission. Is both auto and heterotrophic

Pellicle

protein in the plasma membrane of Euglina that allow for it to change shape while moving

Protozoa

heterotrophic, one-celled organisms that exhibit a remarkable degree of sub-cellular organization

Rhizopoda - Amoeba

eat via phagocytosis, and move via pseudopedia, reproduce by binary fission, and all are heterotrophic

Ciliaphora - Ciliates

use cilia for locomotion, are the most advanced group of protozoa, and an produce either sexually, or by binary fission.

Ex: Paramecium caudatum

crenation

when an animal cell shrinks due to a hypertonic environmnet

Hemolysis

when an animal cell lyses (bursts) because of a hypotonic environment

plasmolysis

when a plant cell shrinks away from the cell wall due to a hypertonic environment

turgid

the state in which a plant cell has taken on as much water as the cell wall will allow