Chapter 7: Memory (2)

LONG-TERM MEMORY

Knowlede that can be stored indefinitely

3 types of knowledge Stored

About yourself: e.g. Your name
favourite TV show...

About the world:knowledge that can be brought to mind and that don’t involve you.

How to do things: e.g. riding a bike

Declarative Memory

• Information that can be stated
• E.g.: Words, definitions, names, dates, faces, events, concepts, ideas

Procedural Memory

• Actions, skills, operations, and conditioned responses
• E.g.: Procedure of writing, walking, drawing

Semantic Memory

General facts about the world
> Both part of declarative memory

Episodic Memory

Personal experiences and facts (with chronological or temporal component)
> Both part of declarative memory

why we forget

1. Ineffective Encoding

2. Decay

3. Retrieval Failure

4. Interference

1. Ineffective Encoding

- that you were not paying attention
- not continuously working with Short term memory)
- needs all your attention

2. Decay

- when you don't use your neurons and the connects start to weaken (things fade)
- (More you rehearse the better you recall)

3. Retrieval Failure

- tip of the tongue phenomenon"
- likeyou have a partial memory of what your trying to remember
but you can't remember it exactly (might come back later)
- the memory is there and intact but you can't recall it.

4. Interference

- Distracted so you can't store the right memory like one thing keeping another from getting into long term memories
- (this is why developing attention is important

2 types of Interference

1. Retroactive Interference
2. Proactive Interference

1. Retroactive Interference

- New learning interfering with the Old

2. Proactive Interference

old learning interferes with new

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA – HENRY MOLAISON (H.M.)

• Impaired Episodic Memory
- No new memories

• Impaired Explicit Memory*
-He does not remember people he met the next day (learning new things)

• Intact Semantic Memory*
- Remembers everything that had happened before surgery

• Intact Procedural memory
- how to do things like drawing the star experiment.

H.M. star experiment

eye witness testimony

A case of constructive memory
•Discussed by professor in class
Conclusion:
●“Memories” are notoriously unreliable

MOVIE FALSE MEMORIES

Ted Talk with Elizabeth Loftus (6 min.)
Does memory function like a video recorder? Are memories
permanently etched or do they change over time? What does
the research suggest regarding the accuracy of childhood
memories?
Dr. Loftus shows how her research findings have
implications for the justice system.