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How are permits allocated
Free distribution vs auction
Uniform distribution
Based on historic pollution
Concern with allocation
Market power
Auctioning permits
Creates price and identifies buyers/sellers
If all permits are sold
Equivalent to a tax
Pros of permits
Cost effective
Cons of permits
Market power
When MDC is steep
Prefer permits (quantity certainty)
When MAC is steep
Prefer taxes (cost certainty)
Technological advances
Policies differ in incentives to innovate
Strongest innovation incentives
Pollution taxes
Weakest incentives
Free permits