Psych 121 test 2

What is personality?

Enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that distinguish one person from another across time and situations.

What is physiognomy?

The idea that a person's physical appearance reflects their personality or psychological characteristics.

What are Galen's four temperaments?

Sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic.

What is the nomothetic approach to personality?

The study of common personality traits across individuals.

What is the idiographic approach to personality?

The study of the unique combination of traits within an individual.

What statistical method did Raymond Cattell use to study personality?

Factor analysis.

What are the Big Five personality traits?

Extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness.

How is extraversion linked to brain function?

It is associated with reward sensitivity and brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex.

What three motives are commonly measured in projective tests?

Affiliation, power, and achievement.

How is affiliation motivation related to leadership?

It is associated with cooperative and peaceable leadership.

How is power motivation related to leadership?

It is associated with forceful action, charisma, and influence.

How is achievement motivation related to leadership?

On its own it is not strongly related to leadership effectiveness.

Which leadership style was least effective in Lewin's study?

Laissez-faire leadership.

What is transactional leadership?

Leadership based on rewards and exchanges for performance.

What is transformational leadership?

Leadership that inspires intrinsic motivation and a shared vision.

What are two major components of charisma?

Emotional competence and social competence.

What is interpersonal attraction?

Positive feelings toward another person.

What is propinquity?

The tendency to be attracted to people who are physically close to us.

What predicted desire for a second date in Walster and Berscheid's study?

Physical attractiveness.

What is passionate love?

Intense emotion and physical attraction.

What is companionate love?

Deep affection, commitment, and emotional support.

What is the matching hypothesis?

People tend to form relationships with others of similar attractiveness.

How does similarity affect attraction?

Similarity tends to increase attraction.

What are Sternberg's three components of love?

Intimacy, passion, and commitment.

What is Kaupapa Māori Research (KMR)?

A research philosophy and methodology that centres Māori perspectives, priorities, and ways of knowing.

When did KMR emerge in New Zealand universities?

From the 1970s onward during Māori cultural reclamation movements.

What does "for Māori" mean in KMR?

Research should produce benefits for Māori communities.

What does "with Māori" mean in KMR?

Research is conducted in partnership with Māori.

What does "by Māori" mean in KMR?

Research is ideally led by Māori researchers.

How is KMR linked to activism?

It combines research with efforts to promote Māori wellbeing and self-determination.

Why is being Māori considered an asset in KMR?

It provides cultural understanding and strengthens relationships with participants.

What are common goals of KMR?

Self-determination, revitalisation of te reo Māori, economic sovereignty, and improved wellbeing.

Why is KMR necessary?

To address inequities created by colonisation and ongoing colonialism.

What is the difference between colonisation and colonialism?

Colonisation refers to historical processes, while colonialism refers to ongoing systems and effects.

How does KMR benefit Māori?

It supports goals valued by Māori and creates opportunities for Māori communities.

How does KMR benefit non-Māori?

It broadens understanding through engagement with different worldviews.

How does KMR benefit psychology?

It makes psychological knowledge more representative of diverse human experiences.

What does KMR encourage researchers to reflect on?

The purpose, meaning, and impact of research.

Why is research on WEIRD participants a limitation?

It may not generalise to the wider human population.

What does KMR challenge in mainstream research?

The exclusion of Māori perspectives and priorities.

What is Te Whare Tapa Whā?

A Māori model of health with four interconnected dimensions of wellbeing.

What is Te Wheke?

A Māori model of health represented by an octopus with eight dimensions.

What is the Meihana Model?

A framework that uses the metaphor of a waka to represent health and contextual influences.

How are KMR theories generally characterised?

Holistic, accessible, and culturally resonant.

What is meant by cultural resonance?

The theory reflects Māori values, metaphors, and understandings.

How do KMR theories differ from many mainstream theories?

They prioritise pragmatism and usefulness over reductionistic explanation.

What makes a theory useful in KMR?

It can be applied in real-world settings beyond academia.

Do KMR and mainstream theories overlap?

Yes, they share some concepts and are not completely separate.

What is qualitative research?

Research using non-numerical data such as interviews, observations, and written material.

What are common qualitative methods in KMR?

Interviews, hui, wānanga, open-ended questionnaires, and observation.

What is quantitative research?

Research using numerical data analysed statistically.

What is a psychometric scale?

A set of items designed to measure an underlying construct.

What is a strength of qualitative research in KMR?

It captures subjective experiences and centres Māori voices.

What is a limitation of qualitative research?

It is less suited to estimating prevalence or causation.

What is a strength of quantitative research in KMR?

It measures associations and patterns across groups.

What is a limitation of quantitative research in KMR?

It only measures variables researchers choose to include.

What is the "cultural double-shift" experienced by Māori scientists?

The extra cultural labour Māori perform in addition to their formal work duties.

What are organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs)?

Helpful behaviours that support the workplace beyond formal job requirements.

What did Haar and Martin's study highlight?

Māori scientists often perform additional unpaid cultural responsibilities.

What did the Moe Kura study examine?

Sleep and wellbeing among Māori and non-Māori mothers and infants.

How did KMR improve the Moe Kura study?

It considered how structural inequities affect sleep and wellbeing.

How was perfectionism studied in rangatahi Māori?

Using interviews and reflexive thematic analysis.

What influenced perfectionism in rangatahi Māori?

Stereotypes, whānau expectations, and Māori identity.

Why are these studies important?

They show how KMR can reveal culturally specific experiences.

What is motivated reasoning?

Biased thinking aimed at reaching a preferred conclusion.

What is essentialisation?

Reducing a group to fixed and simplified characteristics.

What is a deficit perspective?

Focusing mainly on problems and negative outcomes in a group.

What is relativism?

The idea that truth and knowledge depend on context and perspective.

How can extreme relativism be problematic?

It can discourage critique and isolate KMR from broader scholarship.

What is reflexivity?

Critical examination of how researchers' beliefs and identities shape their work.

Why can KMR become too personal?

Researchers may feel pressure to defend Māori interests at the expense of objectivity.

How can risks in KMR be reduced?

Through reflexivity, collaboration, and solution-focused research.

What is psychopathology?

The scientific study of mental disorders.

What does the biopsychosocial model propose?

Mental health is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.

Are mental disorders categorical or dimensional?

They are often better understood as dimensional.

What is pluralism in mental health?

Using multiple perspectives to understand mental disorder.

What is one view of mental disorders as brain disorders?

They are caused by dysfunction in the brain.

What is the social constructionist view of mental disorder?

Disorders are labels shaped by cultural norms and power structures.

What are core DSM-5 features of a mental disorder?

Symptoms, dysfunction, distress or impairment, and deviation from cultural norms.

Why is health more than the absence of illness?

Wellbeing includes psychological, social, and physical functioning.

What is the DSM?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

What is diagnostic reliability?

The consistency of diagnoses across clinicians.

What is a descriptive classification system?

One based on observable symptoms and features.

What is heterogeneity in diagnosis?

People with the same diagnosis may have different symptom profiles.

What is dimensionality?

The idea that symptoms vary in severity along a continuum.

Why is diagnosis not a cause?

A diagnosis describes a pattern but does not explain why it developed.

How many disorders are listed in the DSM-5?

Approximately 298 conditions.

What is one limitation of the DSM?

It uses categorical thresholds that may oversimplify mental health problems.

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Moderate anxiety can improve performance, but too much impairs it.

What are common threat responses?

Fight, flight, freeze, and fawn.

What is anxiety sensitivity?

Fear of the sensations associated with anxiety.

What is a transdiagnostic mechanism?

A process that contributes to multiple disorders.

What is avoidance?

Behaviour that reduces short-term anxiety but maintains problems over time.

What is Clark's model of panic?

Catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations creates a feedback loop.

What is a formulation?

An individualised explanation of a person's difficulties.

How does formulation guide treatment?

It identifies mechanisms and factors maintaining the problem.

What is a personality disorder?

An enduring and inflexible pattern of inner experience and behaviour causing distress or impairment.

What areas are affected in personality disorders?

Cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control.

What are the three personality disorder clusters?

A (odd/eccentric), B (dramatic/emotional), and C (anxious/fearful).

What is a hallmark of borderline personality disorder?

Instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions.