History Final Review

Describe the location, purpose, and importance of Ellis Island

Ellis island was the federal government’s first and most famous immigration station. It was located near the Statue of Liberty and it processed more than 17 million immigrant arrivals between 1892 and 1954.

Describe the process immigrants went through at Ellis Island

1. Immigration officers collect passenger manifests from arriving ships

2. Officers questioned and examined all arriving immigrants to determine entry into the U.S.

3. All immigrants were checked by doctors for 60 signs of illnesses

About when and why did immigrants from Italy come to the U.S.

1861; Italians had to choose between leaving or starving because of Italy’s industrialization being very slow and unable to support the growing population.

About when and why did immigrants from southern Europe (Slavs) come to the U.S.

1900’s; They fled ethnic discrimination and political repression in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Describe what a tenement was and describe the specific conditions that immigrants faced living in the tenements

tenement: very small crowded apartment building in very poor condition. Sometimes without running water or electricity.

Conditions:

• very small + crowded

• sometimes no water/electricity

• no privacy

• unsanitary

• unsafe

• disease breeding ground

Describe in detail the working conditions that immigrants to the U.S. faced

Factories were often poorly lit and unsanitary, and machines were not regularly serviced. Immigrant women + children made up a large percentage of factory workers and got paid less than men. Workplace safety in the factories was often overlooked.

Describe in detail what happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

In a short amount of time 146 people died. The fire occurred in 1911. The fire broke out on the 8th floor, so many people were stuck. The fire escape collapsed under everyone’s weight because it wasn’t regularly serviced. The fire department’s ladders only reached to the 6th floor water hose pressure wasn’t high enough. This tragedy taught everyone that more needed to be done to protect American workers.

What were the main reasons for the growth of U.S. cities during the 1800’s and 1900’s.

• Industrialization

• Urbanization

• Immigration

What is the definition of industrialization

Society changes from mostly farming to manufacturing items in factories

What is the definition of urbanization

The population moves from the farm and country side to the cities

Explain what the Great Migration is

It was a large movement of people in the 1900s in which African-Americans left the South and moved to Northern cities to escape racial violence, racial discrimination, and to look for better economic opportunities.

Explain how factories and railroads helped each other to grow

Factories forged steal rails and other materials. Railroads distributed manufactured goods from factories to stores and customers all over the country.

Explain how the factories helped cities to grow

As factories expanded, so did cities where factory workers lived. Because factories were expanding, jobs were opening so more people came to cities for those jobs.

Explain how farm equipment improvements led to cities growing

The growing populations needed food for their people and railroads provided transportation of the agricultural products.

Describe some of the problems that cities faced as they started to grow in the 1800s-1900s

• tenement living lead to unsafe conditions

• increase in diseases

• increased crime

Explain what scarcity is and how if affects how people spend their money

scarcity: there are simply not enough resources to satisfy all human wants for goods and services.

The problem of scarcity forces people and groups to make choices about spending money and investing time.

What is the definition of economics

people deciding how limited resources and time are divided up.

What are three questions that economic systems try to answer

1. What goods and services will be produced?

2. How will goods and services be produced?

3. Who will benefit from the goods and services that are produced?

What are 2 traits of a Traditional Economic System

• Things are done the way they always have; Many people are poor

• supply of food and services are limited

What are 2 traits of a Communism Economic System

• government owns most factories and businesses; the government decides what to produce and how to produce it and the price of it all

• most people do not get to choose their jobs/careers; this is done to create a classless society

What are 2 traits of the Socialism Economic System

• The government owns key industries but not all factories and businesses

• People are provided for equally, regardless of work ethic or ability

What are three traits of Free Enterprise/Capitalism Economic System

• Private ownership of factories and businesses

• Supply and demand determine what is produce and how much things cost

• Most freedom

In the term supply and demand, what is the definition of supply

the amount of goods and services available

In the term supply and demand what is the definition of demand

How badly people want the goods and services

What is gross domestic product (GDP)

a way to measure the wealth of a country. The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year.

What is GDP per capita

Total value of all goods and services produced in a country

4 important facts about Cornelius Vanderbilt

• born poor in NYC

• started business with $100

• became millionaire in the railroad and shipping business

• Vanderbilt University is named after him

What is the definition of monopoly in business

control of the market of a product or service just by one person or company

4 important facts about John D. Rockefeller

• born to middle class family

• did well in math and business class

• made most of his money in the steel industry

• grandson was vice president from 1974-1976

Five important facts about Andrew Carnegie

• born poor in Scotland

• came to the U.S. with his family when 13 years old

• made most of his money in the steel industry

• company eventually became U.S. steel

• known for being tough on factory workers, but donated a lot of money to charity

What is the definition of robber baron

Person who has become rich through ruthless, unethical, and borderline illegal practices.

Five important facts about J.P Morgan

• born into a family with money

• born in connecticut in 1873 (german heritage)

• was in the steel and railroad industry

• company is now J.P. Morgan/Chase

• known as robber baron but eventually donated money to charity

What is the definition of invasion

invading a country or region using military forces

What is the definition of conquest

Territory gained by the use of defeat and military force

What is the definition of colonization

establishing a colony away from the original country

What is the definition of cultural diffusion

a process resulting in the transfer of culture from one place to a totally different place

In the Cycle of Change, what describes Native Peoples and Cultures

Who originated there? Which group of people seemed to be in a country or region first?

In the Cycle of Change, what describes Exploration and Conquest

Who invaded and when?

In the Cycle of Change, what describes Colonization and Imperialism

Who moved to the new country or region and why?

In the Cycle of Change, what describes revolution

What dispute happened and why?

In the Cycle of Change, what describes Growth and Development

Who won the revolution and what happened after?

What is the definition of imperialism

when a strong nation has authority and power over a smaller or weaker territory through economic, political, or military power

What were the three economic motives the U.S. had for imperialism

1. Politicians, bankers, manufacturers and others believed the nation had to expand its marker and its influence

2. The U.S. economy was growing increasingly dependent on international trade

3. People thought that if the country failed to compete in the international free market it would lose out to the European Powers

in summary:

• nation’s influence by gaining territory

• U.S. had to contribute smthn to the int. free market

• needed independence from britain’s trade

What were the three religious motives the U.S. had for imperialism

1. Some felt imperialism was a religious duty

2. Religious sentiments behind the social gospel movement motivated missionaries to work abroad

3. Josiah believed that the U.S. had to expand it’s global influence to convert non-christians

basically:

• people thought imperialism was a religious duty

• the social gospel movement motivated missionaries/preachers to work abroad

• josiah believed the US had to convert non christians

What is jingoism

being super patriotic about your country to the point where a person believes that attacking other countries is the best plan of action

What is Social Darwinism

survival of the fittest for countries

Explain what the Monroe Doctrine was

The U.S. would stay out of Europe’s business and let them have their existing colonies in North and South America, however any attempt to gain more territory in the Americas would be taken as a threat against the U.S.

Why did the U.S. want Cuba to be independent from Spain

The U.S. needed the sugar that Cuba produced

What is yellow journalism

news reporting that is super exaggerated

In the yellow journalism story what did Spain’s ambassador do

He insulted president McKinley. This angered many Americans.

Explain how the attack on the battleship U.S.S. Main led to the Spanish-American War

citizens wanted revenge for those who died in the sinking

During what years was WW1 fought

1914-1918

What year did the U.S. get into WW1

1917

Where was most of WW1 fought

france and germany

How many people were killed during WW1

20 million

What is nationalism

very strong feeling of loyalty and devotion to one’s country; also was one of the causes of WW1)

What are alliances

an agreement between nations formed for mutual benefit

What two main countries were the Central Powers during WW1

Germany and Austria-Hungary

What five main countries were the Allied Powers during WW1

Serbia + Russia + France + Great Britain + U.S.

Explain how alliances can lead to war

it creates a sort of support system for each country; for example Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia so Serbia’s allies declared war too.

Explain what happened to Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914

Him and his wife were assassinated while riding a car in Serbia

What happened after Germany declared war on Russia and Serbia

France and Great Britain declared war on both Austria-Hungary and Germany

What was the Central Powers’ goal during WW1

their goal was to try to advance and capture Paris, France and get the Allied Powers to surrender

What was the Allied Powers’ goal during WW1

their goal was to try to advance their armies as far into Germany as possible and get the Central Powers to surrender

Describe the sinking of the Lusitania and how it helped to get the U.S. into WW1

germany torpedoed and sunk the Lusitania; there were Americans aboard which angered other Americans

Describe what the Zimmerman Telegram was and how it helped get the U.S. into WW1

it contained an offer from Germany for Mexico that said if Mexico helped the Central Powers to win the war, they would get their land back from the U.S. This angered the U.S. citizens.

Describe 4 of the hardships that WW1 soldiers went through living in the trenches

1. sounds of explosions from artillery fire was constant

2. the smell of decaying corpses

3. lice and rats were common

4. soldiers would get trench foot (caused by standing in water for a long period of time)

Where and when was the first major battle victory the Allied Powers had with the U.S. helping

Second Battle of Marne:

• July 1918

• Marne River