BSCI201 Lab practical exam 3 study guide

What is the difference between a nerve and a tract?

tracts are inside the Central Nervous System (CNS - brain and spinal cord), while nerves are in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

What are the three structural classifications of neurons?

Unipolar / pseudounipolar, bipolar, and multipolar

Where would you find unipolar neurons?

Unipolar: In the CNS

Where would you find bipolar neurons?

Part of the receptor apparatus of the eye, ear, and olfactory mucosa

Where would you find multipolar neurons?

In the brain and spinal cord

Label the structures on the presynaptic cell

1. Dendrites

2. Cell body

3. Nucleus

4. Axon hillock

5. Axon

6. Schwann cell

7. Terminal branches

8. Axon terminals

What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

Afferent= Sensory. Unipolar. Carry impulses FROM internal organs (viscera), the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, or special sensory organs.

Efferent= Motor. Multipolar. Carry impulses TO viscera and/or body muscles and glands from CNS.

Label the parts of the nerve in the figure below.

1. Axon

2. Myelin sheath

3. Endoneurium

4. Perineurium

5. Epineurium

6. Fascicle

7. Blood vessels

What are the four major regions of the brain?

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum

Label the lobes, structures, sulci, and gyri visible on the brain in the figure below.

1. Postcentral gyrus

2. Parietal lobe

3. Parieto-occipital sulcus

4. Occipital lobe

5. Cerebellum

6. Precentral gyrus

7. Central sulcus

8. Frontal lobe

9. Lateral sulcus

10. Temporal lobe

11. Pons

12. Medulla

Label the cranial nerves and brain structures on the figure below.

What are the four structures that provide protection to the brain?

1. Cranium: Bony helmet composed of 8 cranial bones.

2. Meninges: Three connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain

3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Fluid cushion in the subarachnoid space and ventricles.

4. Blood-brain barrier: Selective barrier that prevents harmful substances harmful substances in blood from cross into the brain.

Name the three meninges and write them in order from outermost to innermost.

1. (outermost): Dura mater

2. Arachnoid mater

3. (innermost) Pia mater

Label the parts of the brain stem and diencephalon on the figure below.

1. Corpus callosum

2. Septum pellucidum

3. Fornix

4. Anterior commissure

5. Interthalamic adhesion

6. Hypothalamus

7. Optic chiasma

8. Mammillary bodies

9. Pituitary gland

10. Choroid plexus

11. Thalamus

12. Pineal gland

13. Corpora quadrigemina

14. cerebral peduncle

15. Cerebral aqueduct

16. fourth ventricle

17. Pons

18. Cerebellum

19. Medulla oblongata

Label the structures of the ear in the figure below.

Label the structures of the eye in the figure below.

a. Cornea: Anterior transparent part of the fibrous tunic.

b. Lens: Important light bending structure of the eye; shape can be modified.

c. Anterior chamber: between cornea and iris

d. Scleral venous sinus: Drains the aqueous humor from the eye.

e. Ciliary muscle: Smooth muscle portion of the ciliary body. Contracts to assist in near vision.

f. Ciliary process: Produces aqueous humor.

g. Vitreous body (humor): Substance occupying the posterior segment of the eyeball.

h. Sclera: Composed of tough, white, opaque, fibrous connective tissue.

i. Choroid: Forms most of the pigmented vascular tunic.

j. Retina: Layer containing the rods and cones.

k. Dura mater: Outermost layer of the meninges.

l. Optic nerve: Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

m. Anterior segment: Makes up the front one-third of the eyeball.

o. Posterior chamber: Space between the back of the front of the iris and the front of the vitreous chamber; filled with aqueous humor.

p. Iris: Contains muscle that controls size of pupil.

q. Fovea centralis: Tiny pit in the macula lutea; contains only cones.

r. Optic disc: Blind spot.

s. Ganglion cells: In the retina, the specialized neurons that connect to the bipolar cells; the bundled axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve.

t. Bipolar cells: In the retina, the specialized neurons that connect the rods and cones with the ganglion cells.

u. Photoreceptors: Respond to light rods and cones.

What is the function of the tapetum lucidum in the cow eye?

Specialized surface that reflects the light within the eye to enhance low-light vision (seeing in the dark)

Match the eye muscle to the appropriate action:

1. Inferior oblique: Elevates eye and turns it laterally.

2. Lateral rectus= Moves eye laterally.

3. Inferior rectus= Depresses eye and turn it medially.

4. Superior rectus= Elevates eye and turns it medially.

5. Superior oblique= Depresses eye and turns it laterally.

6. Medial rectus= Moves eye medially.

What is pictured in the figure in the figure below?

Olfactory epithelium

Label the cell types and structures in the figure below

Name all eight glands of the endocrine glands; where they are located, and one hormone that is released by each

Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland

What diagnosis was given to Ellie, the patient in the case study used in class?

What endocrine gland was affected by this Ellie’s condition?

What symptoms did Ellie exhibit?

What hormones are produced by the thyroid?

What interaction do these hormones have with TSH?

What is the difference between a hyperactive and a hypoactive thyroid?

What condition would result if the thyroid was destroyed by radiation or removed by surgery?

PNS

CNS

Motor neuron

Association/interneuron

Unipolar neuron

Bipolar neuron

Multiplar neuron

Cell body of neuron

Dendrite of neuron

Axon of neuron

Axon hillock of neuron

Axon terminal of neuron

Myelin sheath of neuron

Neurofibrils of neuron

Chromatophilic substance of neuron

Myeline sheath gap of neuron

Astrocytes (Neuroglia and their functions)

Microglia (Neuroglia and their functions)

Ependymal cell (Neuroglia and their functions)

Oligodendrocyte (Neuroglia and their functions)

Schwann cell (Neuroglia and their functions)

Satellite cell (Neuroglia and their functions)

Cerebrum

Longitudinal fissure

Corpus collosum

Septum pellucidum

Central sulcus

Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

Insula lobe

Occipital lobe

Parietal lobe

Central sulcus

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Precentral gyrus

Postcentral gyrus

Lateral sulcus

Cerebral cortex

White matter

Basal nuclei

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Pineal gland

Brain stem

Pons

Midbrain

Corpora quadrigemina

distinguish superior and inferior

Cerebral aqueduct

C

Cerebral peduncles

Medulla oblgonta

Cerebellum

Superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina

Inferior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina

Cerebral hemisphere (Sagittal view)

Corpus collosum (Sagittal view)

Fornix (Sagittal view)

Intermediate mass of thalamus / thalamus (Sagittal view)

Optic chiasma (Sagittal view)

Cerebellum (Sagittal view)

Pineal gland (Sagittal view)

Arbor vitae (Sagittal view)

Corpora quadrigemina / midbrain (Sagittal view)

Pons (Sagittal view)

Medulla oblongata (Sagittal view)

Nuclei

Cell body clusters and location

Ganglia

Cell body clusters and location

Nerve

Fascicle

E

Epineurium

Perineurium