United States History I Honors Final Exam Study Guide (Chapters 19–25)

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering United States history from World War I through World War II, based on the Semester 2 Honors study guide.

What does the PEEL structure stand for in DBQ body paragraph writing?

Point (state argument), Evidence (reference historical fact), Explain (analyze how evidence proves point), and Link (connect to thesis or next paragraph).

What are the four 'MAIN' underlying causes of World War I?

Militarism, Alliance System, Imperialism, and Nationalism.

What was Germany's Schlieffen Plan?

A military planner's elaborate war plan for a rapid two-front war against France and Russia.

Which nations comprised the Triple Entente (later the Allied Powers)?

France, Russia, and Britain.

What specific event is known as the 'spark' of World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.

What was the 'No Man's Land' in trench warfare?

The area between opposing trenches swept by machine gun fire and artillery.

What were the human casualty tolls for the battles of the Somme and Verdun in 1916?

The Somme resulted in over $1,000,000$ casualties, and Verdun resulted in over $700,000$ men killed or wounded.

How did the Zimmermann Telegram influence American entry into WWI?

It was a secret telegram from German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to Mexico proposing an alliance against the U.S.; its publication caused a fury of anti-German sentiment.

What was the purpose of the Committee on Public Information (CPI)?

To build public support for the war through propaganda and volunteer speakers known as 'Four Minute Men.'

What was the legal significance of Schenck v. United States (1919)?

The Supreme Court upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, establishing the 'clear and present danger' test for limiting free speech.

What was Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles?

The War Guilt Clause, which forced Germany to accept full responsibility for starting the war.

What was the primary objection Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and the 'Reservationists' had toward the League of Nations?

They feared the requirement for collective security would drag America into future European wars without Congressional approval.

According to the Volstead Act (1919), what was the definition of 'intoxicating liquors'?

The act defined the term to enable the enforcement of the 18th Amendment, banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol.

Who were the opposing attorneys in the 1925 Scopes Trial?

Clarence Darrow defended John T. Scopes, while William Jennings Bryan assisted the prosecution.

What were the primary drivers for the Great Migration of African Americans?

Racial violence/Jim Crow laws in the South, destruction of cotton crops by the boll weevil, and labor demand in Northern factories during WWI.

How did the National Origins Act of 1924 restrict immigration?

It reduced the quota to $2\%$ of the 1890 census, deliberately targeting Southern and Eastern Europeans and banning immigration from Asia entirely.

Which scandal was the hallmark of President Warren G. Harding's administration?

The Teapot Dome affair, involving Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall leasing federal oil reserves for bribes.

What economic practice allowed 1920s consumers to buy goods with a down payment and monthly payments?

Installment buying (consumer credit).

What were the results of the 1919-1920 Palmer Raids?

Thousands of suspected Communists and anarchists were arrested without due process, and several hundred foreign-born radicals, including Emma Goldman, were deported.

What was the impact of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)?

It raised import duties to the highest level in U.S. history, causing international trade to collapse by $66\%$ between 1929 and 1934.

What was the 'Bonus Army' incident of 1932?

WWI veterans marched on Washington to demand early bonus payments; Hoover ordered the military to forcibly remove them using tanks and tear gas.

What does the FDIC, created by the Glass-Steagall Act, do?

It insures bank deposits (initially up to $2,500) to stop bank runs and guarantee that savings are not lost if a bank fails.

What was the purpose of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?

To build dams for flood control and provide cheap electricity and economic development to the impoverished Tennessee Valley region.

What did the Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act) of 1935 provide for workers?

It guaranteed the right to organize unions and bargain collectively, creating the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).

What was the 'court-packing' plan of 1937?

FDR’s failed attempt to add up to six new justices to the Supreme Court to prevent it from striking down New Deal programs.

How did the Munich Agreement (1938) affect Europe?

It allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland in exchange for a promise of no more territorial demands, becoming a symbol of failed appeasement.

What was the Lend-Lease Act of 1941?

A program where the U.S. would 'lend' weapons to any nation whose defense was vital to U.S. security, making the U.S. the 'arsenal of democracy.'

What were the immediate military effects of the Pearl Harbor attack on December 7, 1941?

Japanese planes sank or damaged 8 battleships, killed 2,403 Americans, but missed the U.S. aircraft carriers.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Korematsu v. United States (1944)?

In a 6-3 decision, it upheld the internment of Japanese Americans, ruling that military necessity justified the deprivation of civil rights during wartime.

What was the significance of D-Day (Operation Overlord) on June 6, 1944?

It was the largest amphibious operation in history, opening a second front in Western Europe and beginning the liberation of France.

What was the 'Final Solution' coordinated at the 1942 Wannsee Conference?

The Nazi plan for the systematic murder of all Jews in German-controlled Europe.

What names were given to the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

The uranium bomb dropped on Hiroshima was 'Little Boy,' and the plutonium bomb dropped on Nagasaki was 'Fat Man.'

Who was the scientific director of the Manhattan Project?

J. Robert Oppenheimer.