Vet Tech Prep: Pharmacology Terms and Definitions Review

Flea eggs fall into the environment and hatch or remain in cocoon until

vibration, carbon dioxide, or heat is detected in the environment to indicate presence of a new host ○ They may survive up to a year without a meal at this stage

Antimicrobials types

-beta lactams

- aminoglycosides

-fluoroquinolones

-tetracyclines

-trimethoprim/sulfonamides

-chloramphenicol

-Lincosamides

-Macrolides

Beta Lactams

Penicillin's

cephalosporins

penicillin's (beta lactam) examples

-procaine penicillin G

-Na+ or K+ Penicillin

-Ampicillin

-Amoxacillin

-Oxacillin

-Ticarcillin

-Imipenim

penicillin's (beta lactam) mechanism of action

Inhibits formation of petidoglycan cross-links of bacterial cell wall

Penicillins are gram positive or negative?

Gram positive with limited gram negative

Penicillin's fight

anaerobes

Are penicillin's bactericidal or static

bactericidal

are penicillins time or concentration dependent

time dependent

Occasional hypersensitivity can occur with

B lactams- penicillins and cephalosporins

Beta lactamase inhibitors can be used

to extend the anti-bacterial spectrum

Cephalosporins 1st generation

-Cefadroxil

-Cefazolin

-Cephalothin

-Cephalexin

Cephalosporins 2nd generation

-Cefoxitin

-Cefuroxime

Cephalosporins 3rd generation

-Ceftiofur

-Cefotaxime

-Ceftazidime

cephalosprins 4th generation

-cefepime

-Ceftazidime

Cephalosporin's mechanism of action

Inhibits formation of petidoglycan cross-links of bacterial cell wall

Are cephalosporins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

bactericidal

are cephalosporins time or concentration dependent

time dependent

1st gen cephalosporins are primarily effective against

gram positive organisms

2nd and 3rd gen cephalosporins have better

gram negative spectrum

cephalosporins fight gram positive or negative

gram positive and negative

cephalosporins fight

anaerobes

Aminoglycosides

-Enrofloxacin

-Ciprofloxacin

-Difloxacin

-Marbofloxacin

-Orbifloxacin

Aminoglycosides mechanism of action

Inhibits DNA gyrase necessary for bacterial DNA replication

Aminoglycosides fight gram negative or positive bacteria

gram negative

Aminoglycosides are bactericidal or bacteriostatic

bactericidal

Are aminoglycosides time or concentration dependent?

concentration dependent

Aminoglycosides are

nephrotoxic and ototoxic and a neuromuscular blockade

Use aminoglycosides with caution in

animals with renal disease or hypovolemia

Combine aminoglycosides with synergistic antibiotics for

gram positive organisms

Fluoroquinolones examples

-Enrofloxacin

-Ciprofloxacin

-Difloxacin

-Marbofloxacin

-Orbifloxacin

Fluoroquinolones method of action

Inhibits DNA gyrase necessary for bacterial DNA replication

Fluroquinolones fight gram positive or gram negative bacteria

gram negative

Fluoroquinolones are bactericidal or bacteriostatic

Bactericidal

Fluoroquinolones are time or concentration dependent

Concentration dependent

Fluoroquinolones may damage

Cartlidge in young animals

tetracylines examples

-tetracycline

-doxycycline

Tetracyclines mechanism of action

Binds to 30s ribosomal subunit thereby interfering with protein synthesis

Tetracyclines fight

-Gram positive bacteria

-gram negative bacteria

-anaerobes

-erlichial, anaplasmal, and rickettsial organisms

Tetracyclines are bactericidal or bacteriostatic

bacteriostatic

are tetracyclines time or concentration dependent

concentration dependent

Tetracycline side effects

-nephrotoxic

-discolors teeth (yellow)

-GI upset

trimethoprim/sulfonamides examples

-trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole

trimethoprim/sulfonamides mechanism of action

interferes with folate metabolism

trimethoprim/sulfonamides fights

-gram positive bacteria

-gram negative bacteria

-anaerobes

trimethoprim/sulfonamides is bacteriostatic or bactericidal

bactericidal when in combination

is trimethoprim/sulfonamides time or concentration dependent

Concentration dependent

trimethoprim/sulfonamides are highly

lipid soluble so they distribute through the body well

Chloramphenicol examples

chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol mechanism of action

Binds to 50s ribosomal subunit thereby interfering with protein synthesis

Chloramphenicol fights

-gram negative

-gram positive

-anaerobes

Chloramphenicol is bactericidal or bacteriostatic

bacteriostatic

is Chloramphenicol time or concentration dependent

concentration dependent

Chloramphenicol is highly

lipid soluble so it distributes through the body well

Bone marrow depression can occur in humans who come into direct contact with what drug

Chloramphenicol

Lincosamides examples

-lincomycin

-clindamycin

Lincosamides mechanism of action

Binds 50s ribosomal subunit interfering with protein synthesis

Lincosamides fight

-gram positive

-anaerobes

Lincosamides are bactericidal or bacteriostatic

bacteriostatic

Do not use lincosamides in

horses

Macrolides examples

-Erythromycin

-Azithromycin

-Clarithromycin

Macrolides mechanism of action

Binds to 50 ribosomal

Macrolides fight

-gram positive

-anaerobes

Macrolides are bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

bacteriostatic

Is macrolides time or concentration dependent?

Concentration dependent

Macrolides are highly

lipid soluble so they distribute well throughout the body.

Vancomycin mechanism of action

interferes with cell wall synthesis

Vancomycin fights

gram positive bacteria

Vancomycin is bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

bactericidal

Vancomycin is time or concentration dependent?

concentration dependent

Vancomycin precautions

-limit use to organisms resistant to other antimicrobials

Rifampin mechanism of action

inhibits RNA polymerase

Rifampin fights

gram positive bacteria

rifampin most commonly treats

r. equi pneumonia in foals

rifampin is bactericidal or bacteriostatic

bactericidal

rifampin is time or concentration dependent

concentration dependent

Metronidazole mechanism of action

Breakage in DNA

metronidazole fights

-anaerobes

-protozoa

Is metronidazole bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

bactericidal

is metronidazole time or concentration dependent

concentration dependent

Metronidazole side effects

-neurological- ataxia, weakness, vestibular signs

-anorexia

Clostridium haemolyticum affects what species?

cattle and sheep

Clostridium haemolyticum predisposing factors

Damage to liver by the fluke Fasciola hepatica

Clostridium haemolyticum key features

-Hemoglobinuria

-icterus

-anemia

Clostridium chauvoei affects what species

mainly sheep but also cattle

Clostridium chauvoei predisposing factors

Damage or bruising to muscles from transport, injections, rough handling

Clostridium chauvoei key features

Crackling of swollen lesions when touched, rancid butter odor on postmortem

Clostridium septicum affects what species

mainly sheep but also cattle and goats

Clostridium septicum predisposing factors

Deep wounds such as bites, surgical sites, parturition injuries

Clostridium septicum key features

Open wound with swelling and without gas accumulation

Clostridium perfringens type D affects what species

sheep, cattle and goats

Clostridium perfringens type D predisposing factors

increase dietary intake

Clostridium perfringens type D key features

Associated with overeating. "Pulpy kidneys" due to rapid postmortem decomposition

Clostridium perfringens type C affects what species

mainly cattle

Clostridium perfringens type C predisposing factors

increase in dietary intake

Clostridium perfringens type C key features

"Purple gut" with sections of extremely reddened small bowel filled with hemorrhagic fluid

Clostridium novyi type B affects what species

mainly sheep, also cattle

Clostridium novyi type B predisposing factors

Damage to liver by the fluke Fasciola hepatica

Clostridium novyi type B key features

large necrotic black lesion in liver

clostridium tetani affects what species

mainly horses and pigs but can affect all animals