Science Unit 6

Thermal Energy

The sum of the kinetic energy of the molecule of a substance

Heat

Thermal energy that is transferred due to a difference in temperature.

Temperature

The average kinetic energy of a substance

Conduction

The transfer of heat energy by objects touching and particle colliding

Convection

The transfer of heat through fluids where hot fluids rise, while cool fluids sink

Radiation

The transfer of heat through empty space

Conductor

A material through which heat does flow easily

Insulator

A material through which heat does not flow easily

Exothermic

A process that gives off heat to the surroundings

Endothermic

A process that absorbs heat to the surroundings

Fahrenheit Scale

Temperature scale with 180 degrees between freezing and boiling

Celcius Scale

The temperature scale with 100 degrees
between freezing and boiling

Kelvin Scale

An absolute thermodynamic temperature scale where 0K is absolute zero

Absolute Zero

The lowest temperature that is theoretically possible where all thermal motion ceases.

Specific Heat

The amount of heat to raise 1 kg of a substance 1 ℃

Thermometer

An instrument used to measure the temperature of an object temperature

Thermal Equilibrium

The state where two or more objects stop transferring thermal energy, resulting in them having the same temperature

What is the movement of thermal energy?

Thermal energy will flow from the warmer substance to the cooler substance until both substances reach the same temperature, called thermal equilibrium

What happens to the molecules when thermal energy is increased?

The molecules speed up

What happens to the molecules when thermal energy is decreased?

The molecules slowed down

Examples of conduction

hand holding an ice cube, touching a hot pan, cooking eggs in a pan

Examples of convection

convection oven, boiling water, hot air balloon

Examples of radiation

the sun, campfire, heat lamps, candle warmers, heating food in a microwave

Examples of Insulators

wood, cork, plastic foam, vacuum layers

Examples of Conductors

copper, steel, metal, aluminum

Thermal energy formula

Q = mx∆TxCp

Formula for converting from Celsius to Kelvin

C = K-273.15

Formula for converting from Kelvin to Celsius

K = C+273.15

Units that measure thermal energy

Joules, calories, kilocalories

Units for specific heat

J/g×°C, J/kg×°C, J/kg×K, cal/g×°C

Examples of materials with a high specific heat

Water (4.184 J/g°C)

Examples of materials with a low specific heat

metal, sand, ceramic, glass

What phase of matter is conduction most apparent?

Solids

What is 273.15K in Celsius?

0°C

What temperature is absolute zero?

OK

When the temperature decreases of a substance decreases, the kinetic energy _

also decreases