Microbiology pretest #3.2

Lysogenic cycle

a method of viral reproduction where a bacteriophage incorporates its genome into the host bacterium's DNA, becoming a silent prophage. This allows the virus to replicate passively along with the host through cell division without killing it.

All of the following about viruses are true, but… 

Viruses can only reproduce themselves

Reverse transcriptase 

An enzyme that can synthesize DNA into RNA

What kind of bacteria are in the picture of the bacteriophage?

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

• Complex virus 

Mosquitoes caused what disease?

West Nile Virus and Zika 

Identify the viruses that cause paralysis 

Poliovirus 

What disease can you catch from mice?

Hantavirus 

Hemorrhagic fever

Caused the Ebola Virus

Spongiform pathology

 Prion diseases are rare, rapidly progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by "spongy" brain tissue (vacuolation).

Vaccinia virus

Used in the smallpox vaccine 

• Causes a mild, localized infection known as vaccinia

Reticular Elementary virus elementary virus

Reticulate bodies (RBs) and elementary bodies (EBs) are two distinct, alternating forms in the life cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis

What animal kills the most people

Mosquito

Covid-19 and H₂ receptors 

The S protein is critical for infection, forming a trimer that docks onto the ACE2 receptor of the host cell, allowing the virus to enter and release RNA

Herpes virus 

highly contagious infection causing painful, fluid-filled blisters or ulcers, typically on the mouth (HSV-1) or genitals (HSV-2)

• Spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact 

A virus that causes immunodeficiency

HIV

Papillomavirus

A sexually transmitted virus that infects the skin and mucous membranes

• Causes warts 

Encephalitis 

viral inflammation of the brain. It causes symptoms like high fever, headache, confusion, and seizures.

Portal of entry 

any route a pathogen uses to enter a susceptible host, marking a critical link in the chain of infection

Identify the petri dish with brown spots

presence of fungi (mold)

If a small mammal bites you, what will happen

Tetanus or rabies 

The Great Defluenzic pandemic

The Spanish flu was an exceptionally severe H1N1 influenza outbreak, infecting roughly one-third of the world's population (500 million) and causing 50 million or more deaths globally

Chicken pox

contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), characterized by an intensely itchy rash that turns into blisters and scabs

-shingles will come after 

Urine manganese hemoglobin 

High urine Mn has been correlated with increased blood hemoglobin and specific gravity, suggesting it may reflect the excretion of excess manganese

Fatal prion disease 

group of rare, invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded proteins (prions) that trigger normal brain proteins to malfunction

Antigenic shift

An abrupt, major change in a virus's surface antigens (such as hemagglutinin or neuraminidase in influenza) caused by genetic reassortment, resulting in a new subtype

The Pandemic of 1918

Spanish Flu

•  an H1N1-subtype influenza A virus, which likely originated from an avian source

Bacteriophage going dormant

Through a process called "lysogeny," the dormant state is a survival strategy, allowing the phage to live within the host without killing it. 

The Great Oxygenation Event 

2.7 billion years ago, there was a major buildup of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere, producing cyanobacteria from photosynthesis. Caused major environmental changes

Picture of young boy coughing like crazy… identify what virus

Whooping Cough 

A highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis 

Endospores

highly resistant, dormant structures formed by certain Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Clostridium) to survive extreme environmental stress like heat, UV, and chemicals

Walking / atypical pneumonia 

 a mild, non-severe lung infection often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria

What spread at Jack in the Box

Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli), - food poisoning 

Mary Mallon 

Healthy carrier of Salmonella, born with it in gallbladder, proving shes been asymptomatic since birth 

Colifoam bacteria

E. coli

What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

Mild skin and throat infections (Strep throat) and impetigo 

Certain strains cause fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) 

Toxic shock syndrome

 life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes toxins, resulting in rapid-onset fever, low blood pressure, vomiting, rash, and organ failure

Linked to tampon use or open wound infections 

Eating seafood, specifically oysters, can cause what?

Vibriosis 

an infection caused by the Vibrio bacteria

contracted by consuming raw/undercooked shellfish (especially oysters) or exposing wounds to brackish water.

Devibrio- gets inside Gram-negative bacteria

cause infections (vibriosis) such as severe gastroenteritis or wound infections, often from eating raw shellfish or exposing open wounds to contaminated seawater

Sugar 

It disrupts the balance of the gut microbiome, feeding harmful, pro-inflammatory bacteria while reducing protective beneficial bacteria

Avian Flu 

H5H1 

affecting wild birds and poultry, occasionally spreading to humans

Identify the type of bacteria that is in a large body of water

Vibrio Cholerae or Shigella dysenteriae

Foreuncles 

or boils, are painful, pus-filled infections of hair follicles caused by bacteria (usually Staphylococcus aureus) entering the skin

What causes food poisoning? 

Salmonella 

Bubonic plague 

caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, transmitted primarily by fleas from infected rodents

Why is eating raw pork risky? 

Due to parasites and bacteria, Trichinella roundworms cause trichinosis

Variola major 

Causes smallpox