midterm questions 2

31. What are the three components of a nucleotide?

phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

32. How does a nucleoside differ from a nucleotide?

Nucleoside = sugar + base; Nucleotide = + phosphate

33. Name the sugar found in DNA nucleotides.

Deoxyribose

34. Name the sugar found in RNA nucleotides.

Ribose

35. Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

Adenine, Guanine

36. Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

37. In DNA, which base pairs with adenine?

Thymine

38. In RNA, which base pairs with adenine?

Uracil

39. What type of bond connects the sugar and phosphate in a nucleotide?

Phosphodiester bond

40. What type of bond connects the sugar and the nitrogenous base?

Glycosidic bond

41. Define a phosphodiester bond.

Bond linking nucleotides via sugar-phosphate backbone

42. How many hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine?

3

43. How many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine?

2

44. What is the difference between ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides?

dna lacks a oxygen atom from ribose

45. What is the role of nucleotides in cellular energy?

storing and transferring energy

46. Name one nucleotide involved in energy transfer.

ATP

47. How are nucleotides involved in signaling within cells?

as second messengers that transmit signals within cells.

48. What is the significance of cyclic AMP (cAMP)?

acts as an intracellular second messenger in pathways.

50. How are nucleotides polymerized to form nucleic acids?

dehydration reactions by phosphodiester bonds