Lesson 80 infertility

anestrus in cattle

absence of heat signs

cause: poor nutrition(#1 cause), heat, freemartinism, delayed puberty, lactation anestrus

PE: inactive ovaries, no large follicles, no CL

Silent heat

normal ovarian activity but no heat signs

cause: high incidence post partum→ neg energy balance, suckling, undernutrituion, management (envrionement)

PE: active ovaries, large follicles, CL present

Anestrus in mares

behavior aanestrus, seasonal anestrus, anovulatory follicles

cause: maiden mare, foal at foot, gray stallion (unpopular with mares)

endometritis

inflammation endometrium

results: early pregnancy loss and nifertility

types of endometritits

persitiant breeding induced

infectious

chronic degenerative

persistent breeding induced endometritis

actue inflammation after breeding is common. most of them resolve but 10-15% persists→ low pregnancy rate

-common in older pluriparous(given birth lots of times) mare

-predisposes to poor perinal/horizontal conformation→ windsucking

-impaired uterine clearance from endometritis

what is effective in resolving peristent breeding induced endometritis

oxytocin to help with uterine contraction

fetal mummification

b/w 3-8 months of gestation. death inside uterus w/o bacteria infection→ all fetal fluid gets reabsorbed

-fetus is stuck in uterus from closed cervix/ persistence CL

fetal maceration

fetal death in uterus with bacterial infection→ regressed CL+ partially open cervix→soft tissue detroyed only bones remain

-foul smelling vulvar discharge

hyroallantois

buildup of fluid in uterus, enlarged abdomen late gestation

-very rapid

effects: tachycardia, resp distress, anxiety, reduced appetite, dehydration, recumbenth

hydroammion

gradual and slow accumulation of excess amniotic fluid in last hald of gestation

-less severe consequences mostly fetal defects

what is normal value of allontoic and amniotic fluid

8-15 L for allontoic

2.5-10L for amniotic

uterin torsion in cattle

common: mid to late gestation

risk factor: posture when cows get up, lack exercise, poor uterine tone, sliping/falling

signs: depends on degree of torsion, colic, fetal hypoxia and uterine necrosis

vaginal prolapse

occurs before calving

1st degree: intermittent prolapse of vagina

2nd degree: continuous prolapse of vagina

3rd: continuous prolapse cervix and vagina

4th: 3rd degree but with deep necrosis and adhesion ± peritonitis

uterine prolapse

usually postpartum, life threatening condition

-ruptured blood vessels→ hypovolemia

-absoprtion toxin→ endotoxic shock

-thromboembolism, trauma, necrosis prolapsed tissue

risk factor: dystocia, hypocalcemia

Retained fetal membrane in cattle

if fetal membrane does not expel after 24 hrs

-not a srs issue

risk factor: vitamin E, selenium deficiency, abortion, dystocia, twinning

retained fetal membrane in mares

if fetal membrane is not expelled after 3 hrs

-emergency situation→ delayed uterine involution, metritis, septicemia, endotoxemia, laminitis, death

common in draft mares, dystocia, inducted parturition, old multiparous maresMa

impotentia coeundi

inability to physically performi

poor libido

immature, inexperiences, reared in isolation, environment management, bad past experience

-multi sired her→ dominance issue

-penile traumainab

inability to mount

pain, foot lesion, joint issue, hindlimb conformation

inability to achieve intromission

failure of erection, deviation of penis

abnormalities that prevent intromission or protrusion of penisin

inability to ejaculate

damage to sensory nerves, compression spinal nerve root (age related in bulls)

impotentia generandi

ability to perform but sperm cannot fertilize or cause conception

quality issue of testes, epididymis, or accessory sex glands

testicular hypoplasia

smaller than normal testes

-oligozoospermia: low sperm concentration

-teratozoospermia: defective sperms

congenital, affected animals should be culled

-can be confused with testicualr degeneration

testicular degeneration

Acquired, infertility 4-8 weeks after injury, soft on palpation

libido still works but abnormal spermiogram

-oligozoospermia, teratozoospermia, immature sperm

the main difference between testicular hypoplasia and degeneration

congenital vs acquired

orchitis

direct infection of testes or hematogenous spread

commonly more unilateral

-localized infection→ temp degeneration, heat pain, swelling→ altered gait

-chronic→ shrunken testis fibrotic, adhesion to tunica and scrotum

epidydmitis

common in small ruminants

-primary infection or secondary to orchitis

signs: heat pain, swelling, temperature induced degeneration

-more commonly seen with defective sperm

seminal vesiculitis

common in young bulls <2 yrs or old bulls >9yrs

causes: B. abortus, E. coli, high energy diet more susceptible

signs: abnormal spermiogram-decreased motility, increased pH, pus in semen, increased leukocytes in semen

-acute: reluctance to mount, abdominal pain, hindlimb lameness

-chronic: infertility

Blocked ampulla in stallions

occurs at beginning of breeding season, obstruction or impaired ejaculation

-azoospermia(semen without sperm)/ oligospermia (low sperm count)

-low ALP concentration in semen. value helps show if fluid is flowing properly from teste and epididymis. low value= blocked. high value=normal

urethral tear in stallions

blood in ejaculate (hemospermia)

affects fertility

commonly found in pelvic urethra

a stallion has clear and watery semen containing no spermatozoa. testes are normal in size and consistency. what is most likely cause of azoospermia?

blocked ampullae

delayed puberty/ primary anesterus

no estrus by 2 yrs olds

econdary anestrus

bitch has had heat before but its been 12 months since the last one

causes: silent heat, missed heat, spayed, exogenous hormone treatment, ovarian disorder, secondary to other systemic diseases

split heat

split proestrus (no estrust) or split estrus (no ovultion) for first heat cyclesh

ortened diestrus/ anestrus

short intervals between estrus

common in German Shephard

<5 months interestrus interval, caused by poor fertility

at least 90 days needed for involution(return to normal)

a 2 yrs old female beagle shows vulvar swelling and serosanginous discharge for 5 days, then symptoms subside. two weeks later signs recur and the bitch is found to be receptive to the male. What is the most likely reason for this clinical presentation

split heat

vaginal hyperplasia

vaginal prolaspe/vaginal edema-enlargment of floor of caudal vagina cranial to urethral opening→ self mutilation, necrosis, infection, gangrene

not a true hyperplasia but edema from elevated estrogen

occurs during proestrus→ persist through estrus

spontaneous resolution in late estrus but can reappear prior to welping due to second estrogen peak

common in brachycephalics

pregnancy toxemia

life threatening to bitch and pups→ ketosis

inadequate nutrition to make up for negative energy balance

signs: anorexia, weight loss, hepatic lipidosis

puerperal metritis

uncommmon but very serious. occurs first week postpartum

severe inflammation of the uterus, infection from open cervix→ systemic illness

secondary to: retained placentas, retained pups, macerated pups, prolonged deliveries

subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS)

not life threatening, usually in first time bitches

delayed involution (ealing of placental site). normal is 12 weeks post partum.

invasion of endometrium by fetal trophoblastic cells→ erodes blood vessels

signs:hemorrhagic vulvar discharge for several weeks

hypocalcemia

eclampsia/puerpural tetany-life trheatneing

common in small bitches with large litters during 2-3rd week of lactation, Ca+ lost in milk

-signs: 1st will see behavior change

panting, restlessness, irritable, trembling, hypersalivation, whining, twitching, poor maternal care, weakness, stiff gait, facial pruritis, cannibalism, vomiting, convulsions, increashed HR and temp

difference in presentation of hypocalcemia bewtween dogs and cows

dogs- hyperexcitable symptoms

cow- recumbent

what is the pathophysiologic process underlying subinvolution of placental sites in dogs

persistence of trophoblastic cells causing continued erosion of uterine vessels

subfertility (male)

whelping rate of <75% when bred appropriately to normal bitch

infertility (male)

complete failure to impregnate bitches when bred appropriately

canine male infertility w/ normal copulation

cause abnormal semen quality

Azoospermia/ oligiozoospermia

hematospermia

teratospermia

asthenospermia

canine male infertility w/o normal copulation

failure to acheive erection, failure to ejaculate, failure to achieve normal copulation

Sexual overuse can affect fertelity by

decreasing libido and sperm numbersho

w does hyperadrenocorticism affect semen quality

high cortisol causes negative feedback on LH

testicular causes to azoospermia

intersex-common in cocker spaniel, blue terrier, pugs, beagles, GSP, Weimeraners

germinal cell aplasia

bilateral cryptorchidism

trauma

autoimmune disorder

neoplasia

post testicular causes to azoospermia

epididymal segmental aplasia

sperm granulomapr

pretesticular cause to azoospermia

hypopituitarism, hyperadrenocortisism, glucocorticoid therapy, hernia, fever

causes for oligiozoospermia

testicular hypoplasia, testicular degeneration (age related), orchitis, epididymitis, unilateral segmental aplasia

drugs: glucocorticoids, chemothreapy, ketoconazole, cimetidine, androgens, estrogens, anabolic stroids

testicular neoplasia

causes for hematospermia

benign prostatic hyperplasia, trauma, neoplasia

causes for teratozoospermia (low % of morphilogically normal sperms)

senescence-deterioration from aging

abstinence or overuse

orchitis

fever

causes for asthenozoospermia(low motility)

lubricants, latex, chemical residue, temperature

breeding male dog shows reduced semen volume and no spermatozoa in ejaculate but spermatozoa observed in urine. WHat is the reason azoospermia in this dog?

retrograde ejaculation-semen ejaculate backwards into bladder