cardiac anatomy
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99 Terms
Q: Where is the heart located?
A: In the mediastinum between ribs 1–5
Q: What is the mediastinum?
A: Central space between the lungs
Q: Where is the heart located relative to the diaphragm?
A: Superior to the diaphragm
Q: Where is most of the heart positioned relative to the sternum?
A: About 2/3 lies to the left of the sternum
Q: Where is the heart located relative to the vertebral column and sternum?
A: Anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum
Q: What surrounds the heart?
A: Fibrous pericardium
Q: About what size is the human heart?
A: Roughly the size of a fist
Q: Is the pericardium open or closed to the outside?
A: Closed
Q: What are the functions of the pericardium?
A: Protects, anchors the heart, and reduces friction during heartbeats
Q: What covers the pericardium?
A: Serous membrane
Q: What are the 2 serous membrane layers of the pericardium?
A: Visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium
Q: Which pericardial layer is the inner layer?
A: Visceral pericardium
Q: Which pericardial layer is the outer layer?
A: Parietal pericardium
Q: What space separates the visceral and parietal pericardium?
A: Pericardial cavity
Q: What fluid fills the pericardial cavity?
A: Serous (pericardial) fluid
Q: What is the function of pericardial fluid?
A: Reduces friction during heart movement
Q: What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
A: Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Q: Which heart layer is responsible for pumping action?
Myocardium
Q: Which heart layer directly contacts blood?
A: Endocardium
Q: What is the epicardium?
A: Visceral serous layer covering the heart muscle
Q: What is inflammation of the pericardium called?
A: Pericarditis
Q: What is inflammation of the myocardium called?
A: Myocarditis
Q: What is inflammation of the endocardium called?
A: Endocarditis
Q: What are the ridged muscles in the atria called?
A: Pectinate muscles
Q: What vessels bring blood into the right atrium?
A: Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
Q: What does the superior vena cava drain?
A: Head, neck, upper limbs, and upper chest
Q: What does the inferior vena cava drain?
A: Abdomen, pelvis, and legs
Q: What does the coronary sinus drain?
A: Myocardium (heart muscle)
Q: What valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?
A: Tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
Q: What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?
A: Mitral valve / bicuspid valve / left AV valve
Q: Which chambers are the discharging chambers of the heart?
A: Right and left ventricles
Q: What are the raised muscular ridges in the ventricles called?
A: Trabeculae carneae
Q: What are chord-like cords attached to AV valves called?
A: Chordae tendineae
Q: What do chordae tendineae connect to?
A: Papillary muscles
Q: What are papillary muscles?
A: Muscles projecting into ventricles that control AV valve movement
Q: What is the function of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae?
A: Prevent AV valve prolapse during ventricular contraction
Q: What branches arise from the ascending aorta/aortic arch?
A: Coronary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, and left common carotid artery
Q: What vessels arise from the pulmonary trunk?
A: Right and left pulmonary arteries
Q: Why is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right?
A: Left ventricle pumps blood through systemic circulation at higher pressure
Q: Why is the right ventricular wall thinner?
A: It only pumps blood to the nearby lungs
Q: What is the main function of heart valves?
A: Prevent backflow and ensure one-way blood flow
Q: What causes heart valves to open and close?
A: Pressure differences between heart chambers and vessels
Q: When do AV valves open?
A: When atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure
Q: When do AV valves close?
A: When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure
Q: Which valves are the AV valves?
A: Tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves
Q: When AV valves open, which direction do the flaps point?
A: Toward the ventricles
Q: What keeps the AV valves from prolapsing backward?
A: Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
Q: How do papillary muscles help valve function?
A: Their contraction keeps AV valves closed during ventricular contraction
Q: When does the pulmonary semilunar valve open?
A: When right ventricular pressure exceeds pulmonary trunk pressure
Q: When does the aortic semilunar valve open?
A: When left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure
Q: Which valves are semilunar valves?
A: Pulmonary and aortic valves
Q: What happens to valves during ventricular filling?
A: AV valves open and semilunar valves close
Q: During ventricular filling, ventricular pressure is ___ than atrial pressure.
A: Less
Q: What happens to valves during ventricular filling?
A: AV valves open and semilunar valves close
Q: During ventricular filling, ventricular pressure is ___ than atrial pressure.
A: Less
Q: What happens to valves during ventricular ejection?
A: AV valves close and semilunar valves open
Q: During ventricular ejection, ventricular pressure is ___ than atrial pressure.
A: Greater
Q: Why do semilunar valves open during ventricular ejection?
A: Ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in the aorta/pulmonary trunk
Q: Where is the aortic valve best heard?
A: Right 2nd intercostal space
Q: Where is the pulmonic valve best heard?
A: Left 2nd intercostal space
Q: Where is the tricuspid valve best heard?
A: Lower left sternal border
Q: Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve best heard?
A: Left 5th intercostal space at midclavicular line
Q: Is right ventricular pressure greater or less than left ventricular pressure?
A: Less
Q: Is the volume ejected by the right ventricle different from the left ventricle?
A: No, the volume is the same
Q: What happens to AV valves when ventricular myocardium is relaxed?
A: They open because atrial pressure is greater
Q: Why are semilunar valves closed during ventricular relaxation?
A: Arterial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure
Q: What happens to AV valves during ventricular contraction?
A: They close to prevent backflow into atria
Q: Why do semilunar valves open during ventricular contraction?
A: Ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure
Q: Why doesn’t blood completely flow backward into the vena cava and pulmonary veins?
A: Pressure changes during atrial contraction and compression from surrounding heart muscle help minimize backflow
Q: Why is blood normally directed toward the atria instead of backward?
A: Pressure is normally greater toward the atria
Q: What is valve stenosis?
A: Narrowing or stiffening of a heart valve that reduces blood flow
Q: Example of valve stenosis?
A: Aortic valve stenosis
Q: What is valve insufficiency (regurgitation)?
A: Valve fails to close properly, allowing backward blood flow
Q: Example of valve insufficiency?
A: Mitral valve regurgitation (mitral insufficiency)
Q: What is pulmonary circulation?
A: Blood flow between the heart and lungs involving the right side of the heart
Q: What is systemic circulation?
A: Blood flow between the heart and body involving the left side of the heart
Q: Which circulation operates at higher pressure?
A: Systemic circulation
Q: Why is systemic circulation higher pressure?
A: Blood must travel much farther throughout the entire body
Q: What do arteries do?
A: Carry blood away from the heart
Q: What do veins do?
A: Carry blood toward the heart
Q: Are all serous membranes double-layered?
A: Yes
Q: What are the two layers of serous membranes?
A: Visceral layer and parietal layer
Q: What does the visceral layer do?
A: Covers/touches the organ
Q: What does the parietal layer do?
A: Lines the wall of the cavity
Q: What is the space between serous layers called?
A: Serous cavity (pericardial cavity in the heart)
Q: What is found in the pericardial cavity?
A: Pericardial fluid
Q: What is the function of pericardial fluid?
A: Reduces friction between heart layers
Q: What are the 3 layers of the heart wall (outside → inside)?
A: Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Q: Which heart layer is the serous membrane?
A: Epicardium
Q: Which part of the epicardium is the visceral layer?
A: The visceral pericardium
Q: What is the pathway of pulmonary circulation?
A: Right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium
Q: What is pulmonary circulation?
A: Blood flow between heart and lungs
Q: What is the pathway of systemic circulation?
A: Left ventricle → aorta → arterioles → capillaries → veins → SVC/IVC → right atrium
Q: Why is systemic circulation high pressure?
A: Blood must travel throughout the entire body
Q: Do all circulatory circuits start and end the same way?
A: Yes — all start at atria and end at ventricles (in flow descriptions of return vs ejection phases)
Q: What is unique about coronary (heart) circulation compared to systemic circulation?
A: It is reversed compared to typical patterns
Q: In coronary circulation, arteries carry ___ blood and veins carry ___ blood.
A: Arteries carry deoxygenated blood; veins carry oxygenated blood
Q: What does “pulmonary” refer to?
A: The lungs