Obstetrics: Stages, Dystocia, and Calf Delivery Techniques

What are the three stages of parturition?

First stage, second stage, and third stage.

What occurs during the pre-first stage of parturition?

Mammary development, relaxation of ligaments, raised tail head, sunken gluteal muscles, and lengthening of the vulva.

What are the signs of the first stage of parturition?

Apparent discomfort, cessation of eating, pawing at the ground, circling, and lying down.

What happens to the cervix during the first stage of parturition?

The cervix begins to soften and dilate.

What is the position of the fetus during the second stage of parturition?

The fetal nose is level with and rests on the fetlock joints of the forelimbs.

What is expelled during the third stage of parturition?

The placenta is expelled.

What is the time limit for fetal membranes to be expelled after parturition?

Within 12 hours.

What equipment is needed for assisting in parturition?

Lube, disinfectants, calf chains, calf jack, and possibly an epidural.

What is dystocia?

Difficulties during parturition, often due to malposture of the calf.

What are some common dystocia problems?

Lateral deviation of the head, retention of the forelimb, shoulder flexion, and hip flexion.

What is the first rule of thumb when pulling a calf?

Cleanliness and lubrication.

What should you check for before pulling a calf?

Check for a live calf.

What should be done if the calf is not breathing after delivery?

Perform mouth-to-nose resuscitation.

What are the two options if pulling the calf is not possible?

Perform a Caesarian section or a fetotomy.

What is a fetotomy?

The use of obstetrical wire to cut the calf into pieces for easier removal.

What is the significance of an epidural during parturition?

It may be given to animals straining too much to ease the process.

What should be done if the calf is in shoulder or hip lock?

Another person must rotate the calf.

What is the indication for human intervention during parturition?

If problems or dystocia are present.

What is the general rule regarding calf delivery timing?

If the calf is not on the ground within two hours, it may need to be pulled.

What is a prolapsed uterus?

A condition where the uterus protrudes from the body, often requiring medical attention.