bio 1220 practical

Flashcards covering key concepts of plant diversity, evolution, and classification.

Evolution of Plants

The process by which plants develop new traits and adapt to survive and outcompete others in their environment.

Angiosperms

A group of flowering plants that produce seeds, flowers, and fruits, rapidly diversifying and outnumbering all other plant groups combined.

Gymnosperms

Non-flowering seed plants, such as conifers, which reproduce with seeds and pollen grains dispersed by wind.

Seedless Vascular Plants

Plants like ferns that possess vascular tissue but reproduce via spores, requiring water for gamete dispersal.

Nonvascular Plants

Plants such as mosses that lack vascular tissues and rely on water to transport gametes.

Alternation of Generations

A reproductive cycle in plants involving two multicellular stages: gametophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid).

Gametophyte

The haploid multicellular stage in the alternation of generations that produces gametes.

Sporophyte

The diploid multicellular stage in the alternation of generations that produces spores.

Lycophyta

A division of seedless vascular plants, including club mosses, characterized by vascular tissues and a dominant sporophyte generation.

Pteridophyta

A division of vascular plants that includes ferns, characterized by a dominant sporophyte generation and sporangia on leaves.

Sphenophyta

A division of vascular plants, commonly known as horsetails, with a dominant sporophyte and strobili at the stem tips.

Cycadophyta

A group of gymnosperms known as cycads, recognized for their large strobili and once prominent presence.

Ginkgophyta

The only gymnosperm that cycles leaves with the seasons, producing fleshy seeds.

Coniferophyta

The division of gymnosperms that includes conifers, characterized by strobili and the largest, longest-lived plants.

Anthophyta

The division of flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, which develop seeds within an ovary that becomes fruit.

fungi

main eukaryotic decomposers on the planet

parasitic

obtain nutrients from living organisms

saprophytic

obtain nutrients from dead organisms, mostly fungi

fungal structure

biomass containing filaments called mycelia

individual mycelia filaments

hyphae

fungal feeding

utilizing external digestion and secrete enzymes that break down organic material and then gets absorbed into the hyphae

yeast budding

asexual reproduction by developing a chain of buds

fungal groups

• chytridiomycota

• mucoromycetes aka zygomycota

• basidiomycota

• ascomycota

mucoromycota

soil dwelling saprophytes. sexually reproduce by forming diploid zygospores in the zygosporangium which will undergo meiosis to produce zygomycete spores. examples are bread and fruit molds

basidomycota

mainly saprophytic species, sexually reproduce by the formation of specialized cub-shaped cells called basidium which will make basidiospores. examples would be mushrooms, puffballs, etc

ascomycota

largest fungal group. have a ascocarp which contain the ascus which produce ascospores. examples are molds, truffles, yeast

lichen

mutualistic symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria or green algae and a fungus

mycorrhizal relationships

fungi that covers plant roots in which the plant will gain increase surface area to uptake more water and nutrients while the fungus receives carbs and sugars from the plant

what are animals?

multicellular eukaryotes

heterotrophs

ingests their own food

type of body symmetry

asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry

ectoderm

covering the outside part of the organisms, give rise to skin and nervous system

mesoderm

becomes muscles, connective tissues, skeleton, kidneys, circulatory and reproductive organs

endoderm

cell will form the lining of the gut and major organs derived from it

Acoelomate

no coelom, only digestive cavity

pseudocoelomate

“sort of” body cavity and also digestive cavity

eucoelomate

true body cavity and digestive cavity

gametes

sperm and eggs produced within the gonads of the animals through meiosis

gonads

testes and ovaries

fertilization

egg (n) and sperm (n) unite to produce a diploid zygote (2n)

internal fertilization

egg and sperm meet inside the body of one of the parents and develop

external fertilization

eggs and sperm are dispersed into medium in hopes that they meet and fuse

Porifera (sponges)

no distinct body plan, lack tissues (also lacking tissue layers, organs, and organ systems, and are sessile filter feeders on ocean floor

Porifera anatomy

• water enters the sponge through the pores called ostium

• water exits through large opening at top called osculum

• collar cells aka choanocytes create a current which draws water through the ostium and out of osculum

• spicules are structural supports that deters predators

cnidaria

common name coral, jellyfish, sea anemones
have radial symmetry, diploblastic (ecto + endoderm)
have tentacles with cnidocytes (stinging cells)

cnidarian body plan

either sessile (immobile) polyp or motile medusa
polyp adhere to substrates

medusa moves freely

protostomes

undergo protostome embryonic development

• have bilateral symmetry (symmetrical to one body axis

• cephalization

• triploblastic

• function through organ systems

cephalization

an accumulation of a nervous system (brain and eyes) at head of the animal

Platyhelminthe

aka flatworms

• live as either free-living or parasitic flukes/tapeworms

• acoelomate

• incomplete digestive system

Annelida

aka segmented worms

• live as either earthworms, leeches, or marine polychaetae worms

• complete, one-way digestive tract

mollusca

aka molluscs

• have complete digestive tract

• eucoelomate

• muscular foot

• soft mantle

• 4 main groups; chitons, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods

gastropods

snails and slugs

bivalves

oysters and clams

cephalopods

squid and octupuses

in a earthworm, what is a crop?

a part of digestive system that stores the food

in a earthworm, what is a gizzard

second part of digestive system that breaks down the nutrients stored in the crop

incomplete metamorphosis

juvenile stage resembles adults, differing only in size and sexual maturity

Complete metamorphosis

organisms undergo dramatic transformation in form and ecology as they move from juvenile to adult stages ex) caterpillar to butterflies

Nematoda

aka nematodes or roundworms

• free living, found in soil or aquatic habitats

• pseudocoelom and complete digestive tract

• not segmented

arthropoda

aka arthropods

insects, chelicerates myriapods, crustaceans

growth by ecdysis

characterized by having segments called tagmata with a pair of appendages

chelicerata

horseshoe crabs, sides, ticks, mites, scorpions

• have 2 tagma (cephalothorax and abdomen)

• 6 pairs of appendages ( 1 pair of fanged chelicerae, 1 pair of pedipalps, and 4 pairs of walking legs)

myriapoda

aka milipedes and centipides

• 2 tagma (head and trunk)

• paired appendages per trunk segment

centipedes

carnivorous and often poisonous, have 1 pair of walking legs per segment

centipedes

detritivores (feed on dead organic matter) and have 2 walking legs per segment

crustacea

aka lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, crabs, barnacles, etc

• have 2 tagma (cephalothorax and abdomen)

• have 2 pairs of antennae

insecta

aka beetles, grasshoppers, bees, cockroaches, etc.

• 3 tagma (head, thorax, and abdomen)

• 3 pairs of walking legs

• usually 2 pairs of wings

like protostomes animals, deuterostome animals are also

• eucoelomate

• triploblastic

• bilaterally symmetrical

embryonic development

the zygote grows through cellular division, and the cleavage of the zygote exponentially increases. a solid morula forms and will hollow out to become a blastula

gastrulation

cells migrate to form the three tissue layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

neurulation

development of the nervous system by a neural tube that will eventually become the brain and spinal cord