Entire Bio Unit flashcards

Conducted an experiment demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material by using labeled bacteriophages to show that only DNA enters bacterial cells in 1952.

Hershey and Chase

Developed rules stating that in DNA, adenine equals thymine and cytosine equals guanine in 1950.

Chargaff

Used X-ray diffraction to reveal DNA's helical structure in 1951-1953.

Franklin and Wilkins

Proposed the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.

Watson and Crick

Nucleotides are composed of

a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base.

Sugar symbol is a..

pentose ring structure.

Phosphate symbol shape is a…

Circle

Purine has how many rings

2

Pyrimidines have how many rings

1

Which bases are in the Purine group?

Adenine and Guanine

Which bases are in the Pyrimidine group?

Cytosine, Thymine

Meselson and Stahl

Demonstrated the semi-conservative DNA replication mechanism in 1958.

a scientist who demonstrated that DNA is the material of heredity through experiments with mice and pneumonia-causing bacteria in 1944.

Oswald Avery

the three proposed models

conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive models.

What did Meselson and Stahl use to experiment DNA replication

heavy and light nitrogen isotopes from E-Coli in their experiment.

Primase

Drops off sections of single strand RNA and binds in DNA in step 2

What does DNA polymerase lll do and what number step is it

synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the growing chain during step 3. It moves in only one direction, and reads from 3 prime to 5 prime and adds 5 prime to 3 prime.

What does the Helicase do and what number step is it

Helicase unzips the DNA double helix and exposes the parent strand, at step 1.

What does Ligase do and what number step is it

seals gaps between DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds (Glue) in step 5, completing the DNA strand.

What does DNA polymerase l do and what number step is it

removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides in step 4, ensuring the DNA strand is continuous.

Leading strand is

Continuously synthesized DNA in the 5' to 3' direction.

Lagging strand is

Synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments, 5' to 3'.

The template/Parent strand is

the original DNA strand that serves as a guide for complementary base pairing during DNA replication.

What connects the A and T bonds or the C and G bonds?

Hydrogen bonds

What are the three different views of DNA?

Molecular, Ladder, and 3D

How many bonds do Cytosine and Guanine have

They have three hydrogen bonds between them.

How many bonds do Adenine and Thymine have

They have two hydrogen bonds between them.

DNA replication fork

Y-shaped region where double-stranded DNA separates for new strand synthesis.

Where are the covalent bonds?

located in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.

Griffith

A scientist known for his experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae, which led to the discovery of the transforming principle in genetics.

What did Avery discover

that DNA is the hereditary material.

Miescher

discovered nucleic acids, specifically DNA, while studying white blood cells.

What did Miescher use for the experiment

white blood cells isolated from pus bandages

Both RNA and DNA are made of blocking blocks called

nucleotides

What is the name of the enzyme that adds new nucleotides to build mRNA

RNA polymerase

How many strands does DNA have

DNA has two strands.

How many strands does RNA have

RNA has a single strand.

What RNA nucleotide is complementary to adenine?

Uracil

What is the function of mRNA?

Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

What is the function of tRNA

transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis

What happens to DNA once transcription is done?

DNA rewinds and reforms its double-helix structure while mRNA is processed and released.

What is translation?

The making of a protein using the codons on mRNA as instructions

What is the job of mRNA

mRNA's job is to carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis.

What is the job of tRNA

tRNA's job is to bring the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis

Where are codons located

on the mRNA strand

Where are anticodons located

on tRNA molecules

What happens at the ribosome

mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain through tRNA binding, which delivers amino acids based on the mRNA codon sequence.

What are amino acids?

The building blocks (Monomers) of protein

What is a polypeptide?

A chain of amino acids that forms proteins, it is the product of translation

what is transcription

the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA, which occurs in the nucleus.

what is the difference between transcription and translation

Transcription is copying DNA into RNA, while translation is synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

what are the three components of uracil

Ribose sugar, Uracil (nitrogenous base), and phosphate group

The three types of mutation

Substitution, Deletion, and Insertion

What is another name for substituion

point mutation

The three point mutations and what they mean

Nonsense - Stop, Missense - Change, Silent - No change

Deletion and Insertion…

Frameshift

Whats’ the difference of the sugars in DNA and RNA?

RNA is ribose and DNA is deoxyribose

DNA is a polymer that can undergo…

hydrolysis

What process is this?

Transcription

What process is this

Translation

What process is this

Replication

Stages of transcription in order

DNA coding strand, template strand, transcript (RNA)

Stages of translation in order

Transcript (RNA), Polypeptide

The study of proteins

Proteomics

Primary structure

Amino acid sequence in the chain

-backbone repeats Nitrogen-Carbon-Carbon

-the rest of the structure is derived from the amino acid sequence

-determined by the covalent peptide bonds between the amino acids

Dehydration synthesis of two amino acids to form a…

peptide bond.

Secondary structure

Determined by the hydrogen bonding between the amino acids residues

The two types of secondary structure

Alpha helix and Beta sheet

What is the Alpha Helix common in

Proteins like keratins in hair, nails, feathers

What is the Beta Sheet

Two or more polypeptide chains laying next to each other - spider silk

Tertiary Structure

Bending and folding

-due to interactions between the R groups of the amino acids

Quaternary Structure

The way in which 2 or more chains interact and bond together- ex: hemoglobin

Name the protein structures from primary to quaternary

Amino acid, Helixes, Polypeptide chains, Complex of protein molecule

The biological specificity of a protein function depends on

Protein shape and Chemistry

mRNA directs

Protein synthesis

A scientist known for his experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae, which led to the discovery of the transforming principle in genetics.

Frederick Griffith