final terms

Global village

• world is closely connected

• people from different parts of the world are like neighbors

Supranational

• involves or exists above national governments

• often referring to organizations or agreements that include multiple countries

Sovereignty

the power of a country to govern itself without interference from other nations

Individual identity

who a person is and how they see themselves

Collective identity

the shared sense of belonging and common characteristics that unite a group

Developed nation

• high standard of living

• advanced infrastructure

• strong economy

Developing nation

• lower living standards

• less advanced infrastructure

• developing economy

Exporting

selling things a country makes to other countries

Importing

buying things from other countries

Trade

exchange of goods and services between countries or within a country

Transnational Corporations

big companies that operate in many countrie

Media Convergence

different types of media come together on one device

Media Concentration

few big companies own a lot of media outlets

Urbanization

• the increasing population concentration in cities

• leading to the growth and development of urban areas

Cosmopolitan

• a person, place, or culture that is globally oriented

• open to different influences

• embraces diversity

Pluralism

acceptance and coexistence of different groups, cultures, or ideologies within a society or community

Francophone

• use French as their primary language

• associated with French-speaking cultures

Multiculturalism

• social understanding that recognizes and values cultural diversity

• promoting the coexistence of various cultural groups within a society

Bilingualism

ability to speak and understand two languages fluently

Cultural Homogenization

diverse cultural elements blend into a more uniform and standardized cultural expression

Cultural Exchange

• mutual sharing of cultural elements, ideas, and traditions between different groups,

• fostering understanding

Cultural Appropriation

• elements of one culture are borrowed or adopted by another

• without proper understanding or respect

Cultural Appreciation

• recognizing and valuing aspects of another culture without appropriation

• respect, understanding, a desire to learn

Assimilation

• process where individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits of another

• erasing their own culture

Acculturation

• exchange and blending of cultural elements when two or more cultures come into continuous contact

• influencing each other over time

Accommodation

involves adapting or adjusting cultural practices to facilitate coexistence and understanding between different groups

Marginalization

• certain individuals or groups are pushed to the edges or margins of society

• limiting their access to resources, opportunities, or representation

Cultural Revitalization

intentional effort to restore or strengthen aspects of a culture that may be at risk of decline or loss

Integration

• blending of individuals or groups into a larger society

• allowing for the coexistence while maintaining a sense of belonging

Popular Culture

Mainstream cultural practices and phenomena within a society

Universalization of Popular Culture

The global spread of popular culture across borders

Hybridization

Blending different cultural elements to create something new

Media Transnationals

• global corporations in the media sector,

• involved in producing, distributing, and broadcasting content across multiple countries

National Media

Media produced and consumed within a specific country

Eurocentrism

• form of ethnocentrism

• uses European ethnic, national, religious, linguistic to judge other cultures

• ignoring non-european cultures

Ethnocentrism

• Combines “ethnic” and “centre”

• way of thinking centring on one’s own race, culture, worldview

• believe ones own worldview is the only one

Mercantilism

• European governments regulated international trade to increase their country’s wealth

• eurocentric

Cultural Contact

• interaction of diverse cultures and perspectives

• changes values, beliefs, traditions

The Silk Road

• network of Eurasian trade routes connecting civilizations in the East and West

• communication highway of the world

• shared beliefs, spices, knowledge

Imperialism

• One country’s control over another country’s economic, political, and cultural institutions

• Many colonies began in the hands of one power, lost to a second power, fought for their independence to become their own countries

Feudalism

• hierarchical social system existing in the Middle Ages

• People worked and fought for nobles for protection and land use

Capitalism

• economic system

• private individuals/businesses controlling production to earn a profit

• economic decision making relies on supply, demand, competition in a market economy

International Trade

The exchange of materials, goods, and services among distant groups of people

Legacy

something handed down from the past that continue to have an impact on the present

European paternalism

• treating people paternalistically

• controlled them for their supposed benefit without consent

• viewed colonies as unable to handle governing a country

Slavery

• system where individuals are owned as property

• forced to work without pay

Indentured slaves

individuals who entered into a contractual agreement to work for a specific period of time in exchange for passage to a new country or other benefits

Historical globalization

• process of global interconnectedness

• exchange of goods, ideas, cultures, people

• began centuries ago and continues to the present day

Annexation

• forcible take-over of a state’s sovereignty and territory by another state

• usually following military occupation

Doctrine of Discovery

• concept originating from European colonial powers

• Christian explorers had the right to claim lands they "discovered" and convert or conquer Indigenous peoples

Beothuk

• Indigenous group in Newfoundland

• depopulation due to disease, isolation, conflict with settlers

Numbered Treaties

• series of agreements made between the Canadian government and Indigenous peoples

• surrender of Indigenous land rights in exchange for benefits

• ensured their traditional ways is protected

Indian Act

• governs the relationship between the Canadian government and Indigenous peoples in Canada

• strict governmant control

Residential Schools

• Church-run boarding schools

• assimilating Indigenous children into European-Christian culture

• removed from families and threatened with prision if did not comply

• restricted from tradtions

Truth and Reconciliation

• addressing historical injustices

• apologies and compensation from the government

colonialism

foriegn state exerts political, economical, cultural control over another territory to exploit resources and secure power

Decolonization

• colonies gain independence from their colonial rulers

• reclaiming sovereignty over their own affairs

• revolutions and uprisings

Berlin Conference

• meeting where European powers negotiated upon guidelines for the colonization of Africa

• resulting in dividing of the continent

• explotation of resources

King Leopold

• claimed the congo as personal possesion

• brutal expoloitation for rubber

• used agents such as force publique to torture native people

• employees were restricted from leaving, as they were not allowed to spread information

• ruler of Belgium

• boost personal wealth

Rwandan Genocide

• mass slaughter of Tutsi and moderate Hutu

• resulting in the deaths of 800,000 people in 100 days

• tutsis were considered aristocracy while hutus were peasents

• after Beligium rule, hutus gained control and opressed tutsis

• tutsis fled the country and formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front

Gacaca Courts

• community-based tribunals in Rwanda after the genocide

• try perpetrators of the genocide at the local level

Apartheid

• system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the government of South Africa

• banned protests and locked up leaders

• ended due to pressure and worked on supporting fairness

Economics

• how resources are used to produce goods and services and distribute them to meet needs

• healthy interdependence that will lead to prosperity

• can marginalize people

Economic globalization

• economies worldwide become more interconnected

• through international trade, investment, technology, and the flow of information and people across borders

• increased international capital and rapid global spread of technologies and communication

Tariffs

Taxes imposed by a government on imported or exported goods

Gross Domestic Product

• total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period

• GDP is a measure of a nation's economic activity and health

Market Economy

• economic system

• guided by the interactions of consumers and businesses in a free market

• minimal government interference

Mixed Economy

• economic system

• combines elements of both market and command economies

• private businesses and government play roles in economic decision-making

Communism

• economic and political system

• all property and resources are owned collectively

• equal distribution of wealth and a classless society

Capitalism

• economic system

• private individuals or businesses own and control production and operate for profit

• economic decisions largely driven by supply, demand, competition in a free market

Trade sanctions

Penalties on trade used to influence a country's behavior

Trade boycotts

Refusal to trade with a specific country or company to show disapproval or apply pressure

Import quotas

Limits on the amount of certain goods imported

Trading bloc

• group of countries that agree to trade more freely among themselves

• reducing barriers

Protectionism

• shield domestic industries from foreign competition

• tariffs or quotas

• oppose free trade

Trade liberalization

• Reducing trade barriers to encourage free trade

• increase international trade

Free trade

goods and services move across borders without government restrictions

Structural adjustment programs

• Economic reforms in exchange for loans by international lenders

• privatization and reduced government spending

Outsourcing

• Hiring external companies to do work for them

• save costs by underpaying workers

• in other countries (developing nations)

Sustainability

• Meeting present needs without compromising the needs of the future generations

• environmental, economic, social dimensions

• carried on indefinitely

Sustainable Prosperity

• economic health, social well-being, environmental protection

• balancing economic growth with ecological limits

• government providing support to green businesses and create policies to reduce pollution

Kyoto Protocol

• reduce greenhouse gas emissions

• climate change due to human-made CO2 emissions

Paris Climate Agreement

• 194 countries limiting global temperature rise to below 2°C

• support for developing countries

• different goals for different countries

• report emissions every 5 years

Cultural relativism

• no universal standard to measure cultures

• all cultural values and beliefs must be understood in terms of that individual’s own culture