Unit 3 Psych Exam

Biological Aspects of sex

The physical factors that determine the sex of a person: sex chromosomes, sex glands, primary and secondary sex characteristics

Female

If a zygote has XX chromosomes, what is the sex of the zygote?

Male

If a zygote has XY chromosomes, what is the sex of the zygote?

Menarche

The first menstrual period is called

Spermarche

The beginning of sperm cell production is called

Sexual Response Cycle

Masters and Johnson's research proposed a four-stage pattern of physiological and psychological responses during sex; Excitement phase, Plateau phase, Orgasm phase, Resolution phase

Paraphiliac Disorders

Disorder of unchanging sexual interest

Sexual Dysfunction

Significant and enduring problem in sexual functioning or pleasure

Well being

A positive state in which we feel our best, striving for optimal health and life satisfaction

Health Psychology

A sub discipline of psychology that integrates research on health and on psychology, recognizes the importance of lifestyle factors in physical health

Biopsychosocial Model

Integrates effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI’s)

What is contracted through sexual contact with a partner who carriers the bacteria, virus, or parasite that causes the infection

Safer Sex

To abstain from sex or limit the number of partners; get information about you and your partners sexual health and engage in prevention

Stress

A set of behavioral, mental, and physical processes that occur as an organism attempts to deal with an environmental event or a stimulus that it perceives as threatening

Stressor

An environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism

Eustress

The stress of positive events

Distress

The stress of negative events

Major life stressors

Large disruptions, especially unpredictable and uncontrollable catastrophic events, that affects central areas of peoples lives

Daily hassles

Everyday interruptions that cause small disruptions, the effects of which can add up to a large impact on health

Fight-or-flight response

The physiological preparedness of a person or an animal to deal with potential danger

Tend-and-befriend response

Females tendency to respond to stressors by protecting and caring for their offsprings and forming social alliances

Testes

Male Sex glands

Ovaries

Female Sex Glands

Estrogens

During puberty, ovaries begin to release

Androgens

During puberty, testes begin to release

Difference in sexual development (DSD)

When people do not clearly fall into the binary of being biologically male or biologically female

Gender

The social, cultural, and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity

Gender Schemas

Knowledge structures that contain information about aspects of gender, including social expectations, traits, interests, thoughts, and feelings

Gender Stereotypes

Commonly held binary assumptions about the qualities of men and women

Gender Roles

All the positions, characteristics, and interests considered normal and appropriate for males or for females in a particular culture

Gender Dysphoria

Feelings of discontent with ones assigned gender

Sexual Orientation

persons enduring sexual, emotion, and/or romantic attraction to other people

Straight

A sexual orientation where a person is sexually, emotionally, and/or romantically attracted other people of anther sex

Gay

A male attracted to another male

Lesbian

a female attracted to another female

Bisexual

a sexual orientation where a person is sexually, emotionally, and/or romantically attracted to people of the same sex and people of another sex

Asexual

A sexual orientation where a person does not experience sexual attraction but may experience emotional and/or romantic attraction

Desire

a persons psychological experience of wanting to engage in sexual activity

Affirmative Consent

An explicit, informed, and voluntary agreement to participate in a sex act

Obesity

A level of excessive body fat for an individual that places that person at risk for health problems

General adaption syndrome

1. Alarm Stage

2. Resistance Stage

3. Exhaustion stage

Type A behavior pattern

This person displays behaviors that is competitive, achievement oriented, aggressive, hostile, restless, impatient, and time-pressed

Type B behavior pattern

This person displays behavior patters that is noncompetitive, relaxed, easygoing, accommodating people

Hostility

High level of __ predicts greater risks of heart disease

Primary Appraisals

Through ___, we decide whether stimuli are stressful, benign, or irrelevant

Secondary appraisals

Through __, we evaluate response options and choose coping behaviors

Emotion-focused coping

Trying not to respond emotionally to a stressor

Problem-Focused coping

Trying to confront or minimize a stressor

Positive Psychology

Focuses on strengths and virtues that help maintain psychological well-being

Immune system

Stress can cause physical damage, such as to the __ ___, and reduces an organisms ability to resist additional stressors

Attributions

Our explanations for events or actions including other peoples behaviors

Dispositional Attributions

(Internal) → Behavior is due to personal traits, abilities, moods, or efforts

Situational Attributions

(External) → Behavior is due to outside factors like luck, weather, accidents, or other peoples actions

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overemphasize personality and underestimate situation

Actor/observer bias

Explaining our own behavior: Focus on the situation

Explaining others behaviors: Focus on personality traits

Self-fulfilling prophecy

The tendency to behave in ways to confirm stereotypes

Stereotype threat

The worry or fear about confirming negative stereotypes related to a persons own group

Prejudice

Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype

Discrimination

Inappropriate, unjustified treatment of people based on prejudice

Attitudes

Feelings and beliefs that we hold

Explicit Attitudes

Attitudes we are aware of

Implicit Attitudes

attitudes that are automatic

Cognitive Dissonance

An unpleasant mental experience of tension from conflicting thoughts or a mismatch between thoughts and behavior

Central Route

Method in which people pay attention to the information presented

Peripheral Route

Method in which people pay only minimal attention to the information; this route leads to impulsivity

Social Facilitation

The tendency of the presence of others to enhance performance

Social Loafing

The tendency to work less hard in a group than when alone

Deindividuation

Reduced attention to personal standards when part of a group

Conformity

Occurs when we alter our beliefs or behaviors to match those of other people

Compliance

The tendency to do things requested by others

Obedience

When a person follows the orders given by an authority

Aggression

Any behavior intended to harm someone else

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Aggression predicted by frustration

Prosocial

Acting in a way that tend to benefit others

Bystander effect

Failure to offer help to people in need

Passionate Love

Intense longing and sexual desire, generally happens early in relationships

Companionate Love

A strong commitment to caring for and supporting a partner, evolves in relationships

Persuasion

An active and conscious effort to change attitude through transmission of a message

Mere exposure effect

greater exposure leads to familiarity and therefore more positive attitudes

Psychopathology

Sickness or disorder of the mind

etiology

Factors that contribute to development of disorder

diathesis-stress model

a disorder may develop when an underlying predisposition is couple with a precipitating environmental event

Specific phobia

fear of a specific object or situation that is exaggerated and out of proportion to the actual danger

Social Anxiety disorder

fear of being negatively evaluated by others

Generalized anxiety disorder

diffuse, constant anxiety not associated with a specific object or event

Panic Disorder

sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

Agoraphobia

Fear of situations from which escape may be difficult

Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, urges, or mental images and particular acts that the person feels driven to perform repeatedly

Posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD)

Involved frequent and recurring unwanted thoughts related to trauma

Major Depressive disorder

a depressive disorder characterized by the lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities. Extreme sadness

Persistent Depressive Disorder

a depressive disorder of mild to moderate severity with a depressed mood for at least 2 years

Manic episodes or mania

extremely elevated moods that last one week or longer

Bipolar 1 disorder

extremely elevated moods; patients often have depressive episodes too

Biopolar 2 disorder

alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

Schizophrenia

Split between thoughts and emotions

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

excesses in functioning; delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior

Delusions

False beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality, including grandiose delusions

Hallucinations

false sensory perceptions experienced without external source

Disorganized speech

incoherent speech, including loosening of associations and clang associations

Disorganized behavior

Acting in strange or unusual ways or exhibiting inadequate self-care