EURO 8 9

Militarism

The idea that states desired to increase their military capacity in order to defend and pursure their national interests

Triple Alliance

WWI alliance of Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente

Britain, Russia, France (later U.S)

Trench Warfare

WWI strategy where armies would fight inside trenches

Total War

War where all of the state’s resources both at home and the battlefield were used to fight

Easter Rebellion

a failed armed insurrection by Irish nationalists in seeking to end British rule and establish an independent Irish Republic during World War I

• Was because the Home Rule Bill was put on pause so Britain can utilize Irish soldiers for war

Irish Home Rule Movement

Campaign for irish self government from the United Kingdom

• Was granted with the Home Rule Bill

Armenian Genocide

Genocide of Armenians caused by the Ottoman empire

• Ottomans slaughtered the Armenian Christian minorities within their borders

Russian Revolution

Revolutions that dismantled the Romanov Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks

• the world's first communist state

March Revolution

Revolution where factory workers (many whom were women) took to the streets protesting rising costs for food

• Tsar Nicholas tried to put down the revolt with an army but failed, leading to his abdication of the throne and the Duma taking control of the Russian Throne

Bolsheviks

Radical faction of the Marxist Social Democratic party who devoted themselves to a violent overthrow not only of the tsarist regime but also of Capitalist values

Lenin

leader of the bolsheviks

April Thesis

Writing by Lenin which outlined the steps for revolution based on Marxist reason

1. Peace, land, bread

2. Worker control of production

3. All power to the soviets

Russian Civil War

Civil war following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, where Vladimir Lenin’s army defeated the loose anti-Bolsheviks, foreign interventionists, and independence movements to establish the Soviet Union.

New Economic Policy

Economic policy by Lenin where peasant farmers were no longer required to send their product to the state, but rather could sell them on the open market

• permitted private ownership of small businesses and farms even while he retained control of larger institutions and businesses

Versailles Peace Conference

Conference between WWI’s winning powers to figure out the outcomes for the losers

• Pwoers didn’t agree how peace should be administered

Woodrow Wilson

U.S president who played a large part in the Versailles conference

• Utilized idealism where he wanted a perfect world where nations would no longer go to war with each other

14 Points

A provision by Woodrow Wilson for the reduction of arms among nations, open diplomatic relationships rather than secretive treaties, the right of self-determination, and the creation of the League of Nations

League of Nations

An international body devoted to the prevention of war

• Was formed but was doomed from the start

• U.S didn’t join because the Senate feared it would drag the U.S into unwanted wars

• Germany and Russia didn’t participate either

David Lloyd George

Britain Prime Minister who wanted to punish Germany for the war

Georges Clemenceau

French prime minister who also wanted to punish Germany and uphold the national security of France against future German Aggression

• Pushed Germany to be demilitarized, pay reparations, and created a geographic buffer zone (Rhineland) to prevent Germany from attacking France

Democratic Successor States

States that were newly formed from land Russia let go after pulling out of WWI

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty Ending WWI between the triple entente and Germany

1. War guilt clause

2. Reparations

3. Demilitarization

4. Land cessions

• Made it difficult for the Weimar republic to flourish

Mandate System

System by the League of nations that transferred control of former Ottoman and German territories to allies powers to mandate them until they were ready for self-rule

• functioned as a form of imperialism

Dawes Plan

International plan in response to German hyperinflation

1. Decreed that Germany pay only the reparations it could afford

2. Invested a lot of U.S money into German recovery

Led to some recovery

Kellogg Brand Pact

Renounced war as an instrument of foreign policy

Speculation

Borrowing money to buy into the stock market

• Was happening in the U.S which was a prime reason for the U.S stock market Crash

Keynesian System of Economics

Argued that government spending will increase consumer demand and lift an economy out of depression

• Used in the U.S

Cooperative Social Action

Where Sweden, Denmark, and Norway utilized social Democracy to forge a middle path between capitalist extremism and social revolution

National government

Political alliance in Britain between the conservative and liberal parties

Popular Front

Political alliance in France between the leftist parties to go against fascism

• Ultimately failed to solve France’s economics

Appeasement

Fascism

A political philosophy that emphasizes obedience to an authoritarian leader, and which leverages all the resources of the state to fulfill the leader’s ambitions

Benito Mussolini

Leader of Italian Fascism

• Spoke against communism and used nationalism to gain support

• King made him prime minister after he threatened to march on Rome with an army

• Few years later the government granted him dictatorial power for a year

Castor Oil

Was used by Italian secret police to pour down threats throats to cause severe diarrhea that could lead to death

Adolf Hitler

German Fascist leader

• Was extremely antisemitist

• Gained control of the nazi party

• Convinced parliament to grant him emergency dictatorial powers

• Used radio and TV to broadcast his speeches that used nationalism, antisemitism, and plans to restore the Glory of Germany

Joseph Goebbels

Propaganda minister of Germany

• Filmed Hitler’s speeches

SS

Nazi secret police

Heinrich Himmler

Lead the nazi secret police

• architect of murder and oppression (concentration camps

• proponent of purifying faces

Francisco Franco

Led a violent uprising against the popular front (Leftists in parliament) and installed himself as the head of spead

• Lead to the Spanish Civil war

Spanish Civil War

a brutal conflict between the democratic Republican government and the Nationalist rebels led by General Francisco Franco

• Franco got support from Hitler and Mussolii

• Franco won

• Acted as a testing ground to WW2

  • Fascist leaders saw when Fascism spread Democratic countries did nothing about it

Joseph Stalin

Leader of Russia after Lenin died

• Sent over a million political dissidents to labor camps which allows torture

Gulag

Russian labor camps that allowed torture

4 year plan

Nazi economic program designed to prepare Germany for war by achieving autarky (self-sufficiency) and accelerating rearmament

5 year plan

plan to rapidly modernize Russia

• Gave economic goals to be achieved over 5 years

• Was bad because so many people were moving to industrial centers and caused poor living conditions and rapidly decreasing wages

• Stalin through propaganda told the people they were working for the progress of the socialist utopia promised to them in the revolution

• Failed

Great Purge

Lenin’s response to criticism after failed 5 year plans and his call for removal by the communist party

• Systematically removed Stalin’s enemies of the state, eventually filtering down to some Russian citizens

• Secret police tortured and executed people

Kulaks

An emerged group of wealthy landowners in Russia who employed peasants to work their land

• Stalin did not fw this because of capitalism

Collectivization

Enacted by Stalin in response to Kulaks, took away their land and placed it under the authority of the state

Holodomor

Famine in Ukraine caused by collectivization

Appeasement

Foreign policy by Britain and France to avoid war with Germany by making concessions to Germany’s territorial demands

Anschluss

Hitler’s annexation of Austria due to Germans living there

• Germany held a vote whether the Germans in Austria wanted to be annexed, 99% voted yes (was rigged)

Munich Agreement

Agreement where Britain and France agreed to all of Hitler’s territorial demands but made him promise he’d take no more

• Hitler agreed but later violated the agreement by invading poland

Nazi Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Agreement between Nazis and USSR where

1. neither would attack each other for a decade following the agreement

2. Agreed to split Poland between the 2 powers

Allied Powers

WWII Alliance between Britain France, Soviet Union, and the U.S

Axis Powers

WWII Alliance between Germany, Italy, Japan

Blitzkrieg

Nazi military tactic designed to crush an enemy at incredible speed with a combination of air power, tanks, and ground troops

• Was able to occupy France with this strategy

Operation Barbarossa

Nazi operation to conquer the soviet union for natural resources

• Hitler was successful at the start but started failing because of Russian winters

• Ultimately Germans were able to hold some territory but never all of Russia

Siege of Stalingrad

Where during Nazi’s attempt at taking the USSR soviet soldiers endured brutal conditions but wouldn’t surrender

Winston Churchill

Prime minister of Britain during WWII

• Organized the resistance and gave moving speeches that roused the British people to continue

Cash and Carry Program

a US policy, part of the Neutrality Act of 1939, allowing Allied nations (primarily Britain and France) to purchase war materials if they paid immediately in cash and transported the goods on their own ships

Destroyers for Bases Programs

transferred 50 WWI-era U.S. destroyers to Great Britain in exchange for 99-year leases on British naval/air bases in the Atlantic and Caribbea

Pearl Harbor

Where Japanese planes bombed a U.S naval base in Hawaii to prevent the U.S from joining the war, led to U.S joining WWII

D-Day

the largest amphibious invasion in history, launched by Allied forces to liberate France from Nazi control during WWI

The Battle of Midway

Turning point of the pacific theater where American forced dominated the Japanese Navy

VE Day

The formal unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, ending World War II in Europe

• Happened because Hitler committed suicide

Incendiary bombs

Bombs cased in wood meant to explode and start fires

• Used by the U.S to bomb and set fire to Tokyo and Germany

Atomic Bomb

American bomb able to destabilize atoms and create big boom

• 2 were dropped on Japan to close the Pacific theater of WWII (Hiroshima and Nagasaki

VJ Day

Formal surrender of Japan ending WWII

Final Solution

State sponsored Nazi plan to annihilate all European Jews during WWII

Wannsee Conference

Conference where Hitler and the Nazi party created the Final solution

Death Camps

Camps used to kill jews and other minorities (homosexuals, disabled, Roma)

Einstein

Scientist whose work helped people see time and space are relative

• The faster one would travel through space the slower time would move

Heisenberg

Discovered subatomic particles and that observing an election with light changes its behavior

Lost Generation

Generation who suddenly felt a drift in post war culture

• Vales and morals inherited from their parents stopped working post-war

Marshall Plan

Plan by the U.S where $13 Billion in economic aid was given to western European nations seeking to rebuild

• 10% of the U.S’ money was given to euro states during those years

• Led to rapid economic recovery and the rise of consumerism

Economic Miracle

Western Germany’s incredibly fast economic recovery

Big Three

Britain, USSR, U.S

Biggest powers after WWII who met to discuss postwar Europe

United Nations

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