Lab 1-4 Vocab

solute

substance dissolved in a solvent to create a solution

solvent

substance (usually liquid) capable of dissolving another substance to form a solution

osmosis

spontaneous movement of solvent through membrane from high to low concentration

diffusion

passive process when particles spread out from area of high to low concentration

concentration gradient

gradual change in the amount of substance dissolved in a liquid or gas

isotonic

having the same concentration of solutes in and out

hypertonic

higher concentration of solutes on outside than inside

hypotonic

lower concentration of solutes on outside than inside

electrolyte

minerals that carry an electrical charge when dissolved into bodily fluids. (release ions)

acid

donates hydrogen ions or accepts electron pairs (pH of 0-7)

base

accepts hydrogen ions or donates electron pairs (pH of 7-14)

pH scale

a measurement of how acidic or alkaline a water-based solution is (basked on concentration of hydrogen ions)

proton

particle found in nucleus of every atom with a positive charge

hydroxide ion

negatively charged molecule made up of 1 oxygen atom and 1 hydrogen atom through a covalent bond

protein

large, complex macromolecule made up of amino acids

simple carbohydrate

basic sugars made up of short chains

complex carbohydrate

long, branched chains of sugars

lipid

hydrophobic compounds including fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

nucleic acid

large biomolecules found in all living cells and viruses

Benedict Reagent

test to detect sugars. starts blue, then turns green, yellow, orange, or red based on concentration

Paper test

test for lipids based on whether or not a liquid dries or not

Biuret reagent

test for the presence of proteins. starts blue then turns purple

Iodine test

test to detect starch (complex carb). clear to blue-black

Pleural cavitiy

right and left central areas

mediastinum

central area

pericardial cavity

within central area

what body part does the parietal pericardium cover

the outer membrane of the heart

what body part does the visceral pericardium cover

the inner membrane of the heart

what body part does the parietal pleura cover

the outer membrane of the lungs

what body part does the visceral pleura cover

the inner membrane of the lungs

what body part does the parietal peritoneum cover

the membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

what body part does the visceral peritoneum cover

the membrane that covers the abdominopelvic organs

what does ‘visceral’ mean?

inner part

what does ‘parietal’ mean

outer part

supine position

lying flat on your back

prone postion

lying flat on your stomach

inferior

downwards (closer to feet)

superior

upwards (closer to crown of head)

cranial

upwards (towards crown of head)

caudal

downwards (towards feet)

anterior (ventral)

towards front of body

posterior (dorsal)

towards back of body

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to trunk of body

distal

further from trunk of body

superficial

closer to surface of body

deep (or profound)

further from surface of body

midsagittal plane

cut down the midline

parasagittal plane

cut to the right or left of midline

transverse plane

cut horizontally

frontal/coronal plane

cut anterior/posteriorly

definition of simple carbohydrate

sugars made up of short chains

definition of complex carbohydrate

starches made up of long chains

what is a good way to recognize a carbohydrate

ends is ‘-ose’ and is a ring structure

what elements make up carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

definition of lipid

organic insoluble compounds including fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

hydrophobic (but heads are hydrophilic)

what shape is a lipid

a straight line (kinks when double bonded)

what is a way to tell the difference between a carb and a lipid

Carbs have a 2:1 ration for Carbon and Hydrogen

definition of protein

large, complex biomolecule made up of amino acids

what are polypeptides

the bond between amino acids

what elements make up a protein

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and NITROGEN

how do you tell between a carb, lipid, or protein

nitrogen and the 2:1 ratio

definition of amino acids

20 different compounds that are building blocks of protein

what is the function of protein

structure, catalyzing(speeding) reactions, and repair/maintenance

definition of nucleic acid

large biomolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information

what are the nucleotides of DNA

A, T, C, G

what are the nucleotides of RNA

A, U, C, G

what nucleotide matches with A

T or U

what nucleotide matches with G

C

definition of Prophase

first stage of cell division. Chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope/nucleolys break down, and mitosis spindle begins to form

definition of Metaphase

the second stage of cell division. chromosomes attached to to spindle fibers and line up in the middle of the cell

definition of Telophase

fourth stage of cell division. new nuclear membranes form around the sets of chromosomes and cell prepares to physically split into 2.

definition of Anaphase

the third stage of cell division. the duplicates chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the dividing cells

mnemonic for mitosis

PMAT - Please Make Another Two

definition of allele

an alternate version of a specific gene (you inherit two for every gene - one from each parent)