Exam 2 Study Guide Concepts

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapters 6-11 in preparation for Exam 2.

Definition of Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Who is associated with Classical Conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov is the psychologist famously associated with classical conditioning.

Extinction in Classical Conditioning

The decrease in response to a conditioned stimulus after repeated presentation without the unconditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Discrimination

The ability to distinguish between different stimuli.

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Taste Aversion

A learned response to associate the taste of a particular food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance.

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

Who is associated with Operant Conditioning?

B.F. Skinner is commonly associated with operant conditioning.

Reinforcement vs Punishment

Reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases behavior.

Bobo Doll Experiment

An experiment by Albert Bandura demonstrating the effects of observational learning.

Definition of Memory

The mental process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Misinformation Effect

The phenomenon where a person's memory of an event can be altered by misleading information presented after the event.

Explicit Memory

Memory that involves conscious recollection, including semantic (facts) and episodic (events) memory.

Implicit Memory

Memory that does not require conscious thought, often involving skills and tasks.

Arousal Theory

A theory suggesting that increased arousal enhances memory and performance.

Recognition vs Recall

Recognition is identifying previously learned information, while recall is retrieving information without cues.

Stages of Development

Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains through which individuals grow and change.

Attachment Styles

Patterns of attachment behavior exhibited in relationships based on early interactions with caregivers.

Big 5 Personality Traits

Traits include Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

HEXACO Model

A personality model that includes Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience.