Psychopathology chapter 9 - personality disorders

personality

enduring pattens of perceiving, feeling, thinking about, and relating oneself to the environment. ALSO - the relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique and that remain daily consistent over time and situations

personality trait

a prominent aspect of personality

five-factor model

everyone’s personality, organized along five broad personality traits, or factors

personality disorder (PD)

a long lasting and inflexible pattern of thinking, feeling, and b having that clearly deviates fro cultural expectations, remains stable over time, causes significant distress or problems in functioning, and usually begins in adolescence or early childhood. for being diagnosed below the age of 18, you must have symptoms for at least a year.

cluster a

odd eccentric

odd eccentric

Symptoms similar to schizophrenia, including inappropriate off flat affect, odd though and speech patterns, and paranoia. People with these disorders maintain their grasp on reality 

schizoid personality disorder (SPD)

a personality disorder marked by detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotional expression.

paranoid personality disorder (PPD)

defined by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others, even when there’s little or no evidence to support those beliefs

schizotypal personality disorder (STPD)

a personality disorder characterized by odd or eccentric behavior, usual thinking patterns, and difficulty forming close relationships.

cluster b

dramatic emotional

dramatic emotional

People tend to be manipulative, volatile, and uncaring in social relationships. Prone to impulsive, sometimes violent behaviors that show little regard for their own safety or the safety needs of others

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

people with a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, criminal, impulsive, deceitful, or callous behavior, or lack of remorse

borderline personality disorder (BPD)

 a pattern of instability in self image, mood and interpersonal relationships and marked impulsivity; transient dissociative states; highly reactive to real and/or imagined abandonment

histrionic personality disorder (HPD)

a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking; dramatic, seductive, or provocative behavior; suggestible shallow emotional expression and relationships

narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)

 a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and ;lack of empathy, entitled, arrogant, and exploitative attitudes and behaviors. 

cluster c

anxious fearful

anxious fearful

characterized by anxiety, fearfulness, and insecurity, especially in relationships and self-image. Unlike Cluster A (odd) or Cluster B (dramatic), Cluster C is all about worry, avoidance, and control.

avoidant personality disorder (AVPD)

 a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and a fear of being criticized, which leads to the avoidance of social interactions and nervousness 

dependent personality disorder (DPD)

 having an excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive, clinging behavior and a fear of separation. 

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

marked by a longstanding pattern of perfectionism. Rigid rules, and a strong need for control, often at the cost of flexibility, relationships, and enjoyment

conduct disorder

a behavioral disorder diagnosed in children or adolescents characterized by a repetitive pattern of violating rules, social norms, and the rights of others.

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

 a structured form of psychotherapy designed to help people manage intense emotions, reduce self-destructive behaviors, and improve relationships.

transference-focused therapy

an intensive, psychodynamic therapy used to treat severe personality disorders—especially Borderline Personality Disorder.

metallization-based treatment

a psychotherapy designed to help people better understand their own thoughts and emotions—and those of others (a skill called mentalizing).

Negative affectivity - pathological trait

persistent tendency to experience strong, frequent negative emotions and emotional distress 

detachment - personality trait

 the extent to which people are appropriately outgoing and trusting of others 

antagonism - pathological trait

 patterns of behaviors and attitudes that put you at odds with other people = self centeredness, lack of empathy, hostility

disinhibition - pathological trait

a tendency to be responsible, organized, and cautious to a tendency to be impulsive, risk taking, and irresponsible

psychoticism

highly unusual beliefs and perceptions 

two core aspects of personality

• Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

• Consistency and stability across time and situations

two proposed ways to categorize personality disorders

• categorical approach

• Dimensional (trait-based) approach
  

What is the general DSM definition of a personality disorder?

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment

What are the three disorder clusters? What is a short summary of each cluster – defining

features?

• Cluster A - odd or eccentric

• Cluster B - dramatic emotional

• Cluster C - anxious fearful

What is the connection between BPD and cPTSD (complex PTSD)

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Complex PTSD (cPTSD) is strong because they share overlapping symptoms, particularly related to trauma and emotion regulation, but they are distinct diagnoses.

What are the main theories of causes for BPD? Main treatments?

large biological/genetic component, DBT

what is DBT

structured, evidence-based psychotherapy developed specifically for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), especially for people who struggle with emotional dysregulation and self-harming behaviors.

splitting

thinking in all good and all bad